QL683
.P3P3

FOR THE PEOPLE

FOR EDVCATION

FOR SCIENCE

LIBRARY

OF

THE AMERICAN MUSEUM

OF

NATURAL HISTORY

r Bound at
A.M. N.H,|

Island, California

WEDNESDAY, JULY llth, 1928 :

TJic follnwini; list u-as compiled from
A. H. Howell's paper "Tlie Birds of the
Islands off the Southern Coast of Cali-
fornia," published by the Cooper Ornith-
ological Club as Pacific Coast Avifauna
Mo. 12. to which are added six species
observed on the Island by Harry Harris
between March 1st and 17th, 1919. and
two species frequently observed by Capt,
Hugh McKay.

Colymbus nigricollit t

man). Eared Grc"
Cavia faciAca (Law

Ctrc

n). Eared Grebe.

[Lawrence). Pacific Loon.
I (Pallas). Tufted Puffin.
lacerala (Pallas). Rhino-

aleulicus (Pallas). Cas-

'ii« aniiiiuus (Gmeiin).

fcj Pallas, Pigeon Guille-

Linn) Para-

Vieill. Long-

iitic Jacger-T
tailed Jaegcr.t

Audubon,

Gull.
Larus argeniattis Pontoppidai

Gull.
Larus delawarentis Ord.

Western
. Herring
Cing-biUed

Sptotylo cunicularia hypogaea (Bona-
parte). Burrowins Owl.
Ceryle aicyon (Linnacusl. Belted King-

breasted Sapsuckci
ColnfUs rafer colli

shafted Flicker.
PhalacnoftUus mil

Ridgway. Dusky Poor-will.

alihn

(Baird)

Whitc-lhroaled Swift.
Calypie anmi (Lesson). An:i.i Hum

mingbird.
Sclasphorus atleni Henshaw. Allen Hum^

e). Say Phoebi
msricans (Sw; - "

Phoebe.

tn FJycatchi

nd Fb

(Swainson), Black
doiiax difficilis difficilis Baird.

Con

C. H. Town-
Island Homed L.-irk.

Wagler. Raven

.■Audubon. Western

[ cucullntus ueisoni Ridgway. Ari-

EuPhagus _ cyiiMocfJ-haius (Wagler) .

Mcadowlark.
fclcrus cucullnH

, Hooded Ori

^re3^ns. San Clem

psaltria h^sfcrnphtl
"acked Go"-

Green-backed GoldiiiK

ce Goldfinch.
trichia leucopkrys j
mbcl Sparrow

Diomcdea albalrus P

Albatross.
i-tiliiiiinis glacialis g'l

P.ncillc Fulmar.
P»pimii crectop^

Pufms
Plia'inerc

bird.

Mo

.. Short-tailed

■ha Stejnegfr.

Coues. Pink- fooled

(Gmcliii). Sooty Shear-

wilus aiboeilialus Ridg-

Cormoranl.
pemriUatus (Brandt).

^'.:.!,!"i'',il^way, Cali-

Linnaeus Rcd-brcastcd

Oidcmia anicricatta Swainson. Scoter.

Oidtmia deghndi Bonaparte. White-
winged Scoter.

Oidemin perspitiUata (Linnaeus). Surf
Scolcr,

Ardet\ ht-rodiaj lirrodidi Linnaeus, Great
Blue Heron.

Plwlaropus fulicarnts (Linnaeus). Red
Phalaropc.

Pisobia bairdi (Cones). Baird Sandpiper.

Pisabia minulillii (Vicillot). Least Sand-
mi (Gmeiin). Wandcr-

HfUn^

, Jun.

lophila ruticeps nificeps (Cas

Rufous-crowned Sparr
Mriospisa melodia gmminea C- H

Townsend. Santa Barbara Song Spar

row (?)
Mclospisa Ihicohii liitcoini Audubon

Lincoln Soar row.

triiynclia Baird.

Anthony.

Ridgway.

PipTlo'

riementi

Offw (Say) La;iili Bnni-

Itrogastra Boddaert. Barn

San Clem

Swallo)
Loniu

Island Shrike.

jiillwityi Mcnra
Casiin. Huttc

■.d.i (C H Tinvi

Buleo m-o

mi Ooiuparlc

Swainson

icatepliatut leucocffihalut

IU«mr>

Bald Fjslt.

Foho prt

Bonapaftc

Falci, (oh

umh

^nm ™Sjf(ri,

n. PistOT

Fclrc tra

n.<r

,-.< lubifttui.

Sparro.

ut caroKnetuis (Gmeiin)
u (Ixsson). Long-eared
(Pontoppitbn). Short-

COOPER ORNITHOLOGICAL CLUB

PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA
NUMBER 12

BIRDS OF THE ISLANDS OFF THE COAST
OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA

BY

ALFRED BRAZIER HOWELL

HOLLYWOOD, CALIFORNIA

Published by the Club

June 30, 1917

Edited by

JOSEPH GRINNKLI^

and

HARRY S. SWARTH

at the

Muscitm of Vertebrate Zoology

University of California

NOTE

Pacipjc Coast Avifauna No. 12 is the twelfth in a series of publications
issued by the Cooper Ornithological Club for the accommodation of papcr.s
whose length prohibits their appearance in The Condor.

The publications of the Cooper Ornithological Club consist of two series —
Thk Condor, which is the bi-monthly organ, and the Pacific Coast Avifauna.

For inj^ormation as to either of the above series, address one of the Cliil*
1 business Managers, J. Eugene Law, Hollywood, California, or W. Lee Cham-
l)ers. Eagle Rock, California.

CONTENTS

Introduction - - 5

Acknowledgments 7

Map of the Islands 8

Descriptions of the Islands 9

Problems Presented by the Island Avifauna 13

General Accounts of the Birds 17

Hypothetical List 102

Tabulation of Species by Islands - 104

Tabulation of Species by Manner of Occurrence 109

Bibliography 112

Index 121

INTRODUCTION

The need for a publication of some kind embracing all possible information
in regard to the avifauna of the islands off the coast of southern California first
came to my attention in 1908. At that time I began compiling lists of the birds
of each of the islands, for my own use only; but, at the suggestion of a few
friends, I began four years ago to get these notes into shape for publication. This
M^as undertaken, not because I have worked the islands more thoroughly than
anyone else, which is not the case, but because of the special interest I have in the
region.

The present contribution was completed and delivered to tlie Editors in
October, 1915, but for various reasons the Club has been long delayed in its pub-
lication. During this delay, I have taken the opportunity of bringing the paper
up to date, with the beginning of 1917.

The territory covered in the present paper consists of the Santa Barbara
Islands as properly restricted : Anacapa, Santa Cruz, Santa Rosa and San IMig-
uel, with certain outlying rocks; the more southern group, popularly included
under the same general term : Santa Barbara, San Nicolas, Santa Catalina, and
San Clemente ; and Los Corona dos Islands. The last mentioned group does not
lie off the coast of southern California, being Mexican territory and pertaining
to Lower California, but is included in this report because of location nearby,
and because of faunal similarity to the other islands named.

I regret that I have been unable to spend more time myself in field work-
some weeks, at least, on each island. There seems no prospect of this in the near
future, and further delay of publication for this reason seems unwise. As a
matter of fact, there has been comparatively little work done upon these islands
by anybody, and a visit of several weeks to any one of them is almost sure to add
one or more new migrants or winter visitants to the list.

The scope of this paper, as originally planned for my own use, has necessar-
ily been amplified. I have endeavored to cite every publication relating to the
island avifauna that could be deemed of importance, and to gather all unpub-
lished notes relating to the subject, though I suppose it is useless to hope that I
have uncovered every one of either. As a matter of general convenience, the
nomenclature and order of the third edition of the American Ornithologists'
Union Check-List (1910) has been followed, except where modified by the one
supplement since published. There are several island races belonging to groups
Avhich have lately been monographed, and which have been accorded standings
different from those in the Check-List. In such cases, while I personally accept,
for the most part, the opinions of the men who have done this work, I have in

6 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No. 12

this publication been content to state their findings in the text, without changing
tlie formal headings under which these species are placed. This appeared to be
the best plan, in the interests of convenience and uniformit^^

In the treatment of records objection may 1k' made tliat soiik^ vmconfirmed
ones are included, while others, at first glance apparently just as trustworthy,
are relegated to the hypothetical list. I have endeavored to act conservatively in
this; but one need not be as strict in such matters in the case of a local paper as
in a state list, and I have therefore accepted sight records, by competent observ-
ers, of birds not too hard to identify in the field and belonging to such species as
one might expect to find upon the islands. On the other hand, in the case of sin-
gle, sight records, of birds that are especially hard to differentiate in life from
closely allied forms, relegation to the hypothetical list has been the only course
open to me. As regards another type of record : We know that Dr. J. G. Cooper
was a most capable and scrupulous ornithologist; but in his time men did not
keep as exact notes, nor label their specimens with as much care, as they now do.
I find that several of Cooper's island skins were wrongly identified, while there
seem to be a number of mistakes and inconsistencies in his published notes.
Therefore, any unusual records of his, unless verified, have been placed in the
hypothetical list.

In the cases of birds that do not l)reed upon the islands, it is often difficult
to judge as to their numbers and the regularity of their visits. Therefore,' in-
stead of merely citing a few winter records without any explanation, T have
stated, when there are instances of the occurrences of a species upon more than
one island, the probable numbers in which it is found, judging from its relative
abundance on the nearby mainland and the apparent likelihood of its occurring
regularly upon the islands. In general I have endeavored, besides giving man-
ner of occurrence, to present any little-known habits that may be of interest,
especially those relating to species or subspecies which are confined to the islands.

Generally speaking, it is a bad plan in any science to advance fanciful theo-
ries, impossible to prove ; for a science should be built up of facts. With som(^
things, however, as for example, with bird migration, it is impossible to make
absolute statements as to cause and effect, and in such cases it seems justifiable
to advance theories, which, even though eventually shown to be incorrect, do good
by promoting further discussion. With such an idea I have submitted several
theories in the following chapter on "Problems presented by the island avi-
fauna," the resulting conclusions, though not considered as absolutely proven,
having been reached through careful consideration of the known facts. While
not submitted as final, I trust that they may prove of assistance in building up a
further understanding of our insular bird life.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

During the ])reparation of the following paper I have often called upon fel-
low members of the Cooper Ornithological Club for aid, which, though some-
times incurring trouble on their part, has at all times been most cheerfully and
promptly rendered. For furnishing me with important unpublished notes in re-
gard to the island birds, I am very greatly indebted to the following gentlemen :
W. L. Dawson, D. R. Dickey, 0. W. Howard, L. M. Huey, C. C. Lamb, J. Maill-
iard, C. W. Richmond and G. Willett ; and for supplying much needed informa-
tion of various kinds, to C. B. Linton, H. C. Oberholser, A. van Rossem, and H.
S. Swarth, the latter having been of great help to me in many ways. I am under
obligation to F. S. Daggett for allowing me access to the collections in the ^lu-
seum of History, Science and Art, of Los Angeles; to J. P]. Thayer for the loan
of specimens and for notes; to the Bureau of Biological Survey, through E. W.
Nelson, for the loan of specimens; to the ^luseum of Vertebrate Zoology of the
University of California for access to its collections, and for the loan of speci-
mens; and to W. L. Chambers for the unrestricted use of his splendid library.
Finally, to Dr. Joseph Grinnell I am under a lasting debt of gratitude for encour-
agement, advice on all sorts of subjects, and the use of his unpublished notes.
The accompanying map was drawn l)y C. L. Moody, and the technical descrip-
tions of the islands were taken in part from the Pacific Coast Pilots of the U. S.
Coast and Geodetic Survey.

A. Brazier Howell.
Covin a, California,

January 10, 1917.

1917

DESCRIPTIONS OF THE ISLANDS

According to the Pacific Coast Pilot, tlie Santa Barbara group of islands
consists of Anacapa. Santa Cruz, Santa Rosa and San Miguel, but in popular
parlance, all the islands treated in this report, with the exception of Los Coro-
nados. constitute the Santa Barbara group.

Very little is known of the geology of these islands, and although one can
frequently find statements in the older scientific books and reports that briefly
treat of their geological character, competent geologists of the present day are
reluctant to render an opinion in regard to their formation. It is a pretty well-
accepted theory, however, that they are the protruding peaks of an otherwise sub-
merged mountain chain, which was at one time integral with the mainland, prob-
;il)ly (luring the Tertiary or Quaternary period.

LOS CORONADOS ISLANDS

These are four in number. Their northernmost point is three miles within
the ^Mexican border, and they are seven miles from the nearest part of the main-
land, being in the neighborhood of twenty-five miles from San Diego. The group
extends about five miles in a northwest and southeast direction. The southern-
most and largest island is about two miles long and half a mile wide, rising near
the southern end to a height of 672 feet. The two central islands, lying, respect-
ively, one half and three quarters of a mile westward, are much smaller, the lesser
of the two being hardly more than a great rock. Their heights are 251 and 101
feet, respectively. They were formerly a favorite resort of the sea elephant, and
the west side of the larger one is now the rendezvous of a herd of leopard, or har-
bor, seals. The fourth island, second in size, lies two and a half miles to the
northwestward of south island, and is about a mile long, a quarter of a mile wide,
and 467 feet high. There is a large colony of seals on the seaward side. A spe-
cies of Feromyscus is the only land mammal known to occur upon it. The isl-
ands are very step, and, as there is no water, they are comparatively barren, there
l)eing only stunted bushes, iceplant and a few patches of opuntia and "cane"
cactus. Lizards of several' forms are numerous, and on south island there are
many rattlesnakes, centipedes and tarantulas, besides several domestic cats, run
wild. A good place to camp is at the cove near the north end of the south island,
and another, at a little indentation of the shore near the middle of the north
island. Indeed these are the only two spots where it is possible to land in rough
weather. The islands are uninhabited.

10 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No. 12

SAN CLEMENTS ISLAND

San Clemente Island is 1964 feet high, and its southeastern end lies sixty
Tniles from Point Loma, near San Diego, from whicli it is visible on a clear day.
It is eighteen miles long in a northwest and southeast direction, with an average
width of two and a half miles, the l)roader and higher part of the island being
near the southeast end. Tlie northeast side is straight and l)old, with rocky, pre-
cipitous cliffs, but the southwest side is lower and more broken. There is rather
good grazing here, and large flocks of sheep are kept at this point. Near the
southeast end, at Mosquito Harbor, there is water and a number of trees, but
the northw^est part is devoid of moisture for the greater part of the year, and
there are no trees and very little brush. Back from the coast the land is rolling,
and near the northwest end are two fresh- water ponds, which are dry during
the summer. A Peromyscus and a fox occur, and in addition numerous house
cats. The San Clemente Wool Company have several ranch houses on the island
and it is necessary to obtain permission before staying and hunting in the local-
ity. There is no public boat service.

SAN NICOLAS ISLAND

This island lies fifty-three miles from the nearest part of the mainland,
forty-three miles westward from San Clemente, and twenty-four from Santa
Barbara Island. It is eight miles long in an east and west direction, with an
average width of three miles, and is 890 feet high. Most of the island is very
sandy, with no vegetation to speak of, but around the lower end there are a few
patches of thorn, cactus and other scrub. Several alkaline springs occur, but the
island is, nevertheless, very barren indeed, and animal life is correspondingly
scarce. The high central mesa is the home of many sheep, to care for which there
is a single herder. Very few boats visit this island.

SANTA CATALINA ISLAND

Santa Catalina Island lies about twenty miles soutliward from San Pedro.
It is eighteen and a half miles long in an east and west direction, with a greatest
width of seven miles near the east end; the highest peak, 2109 feet, lies about
the middle of the island, near Avalon. The latter is a famous fishing ground and
resort, with a resident population of several hundred. It is two and a half miles
from the east end. About six miles from the western end is a deep cut that al-
most divides the island. Catalina is rugged and mountainous, with steep, precip-
itous shores, intersected occasionally by deep gulches and small valleys; good
Avater occurs in a number of places. For the most part it is covered Mdth brash
and scrub oak, with some fair-sized trees in the canyons. The uplands and hill-
sides, however, are often bare, except for grass. Two species of mice, a ground
squirrel, and a fox occur here, but the latter is almost extinct because of con-
tracting "scabies" from tlu' sheep, which causes them to become blind. An ex-
cursion ])oat makes a daily run from San Pedro to Avalon.

1917 BIRDS OF THE SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ISLANDS 11

SANTA BARBARA ISLAND

S.inta Krirhiira Island lies twcnty-oiK' iniles in a f:;vn('ral westerly diroetioii
fi-oin Catalina. it is one and a half miles long, -with a maximuni width of one
mile, the liifi:hest jjoint heing 547 feet. The shores are hold and precipitous, with
but one regular landing place, even that being impossible to negotiate in very
rough weather. A rocky islet 257 feet high is situated a third of a mile southwest-
ward, and a smaller one with a height of 125 feet lies two hundred yards to the
westward. Except for two hills, the top is a smooth mesa with a heavy growtli
of grass and weeds. In certain parts there are scrubby bushes and patches of
cactus, with an abundance of iceplant. There is no water, and no one lives upon
the island. House cats have become established there.

ANACAPA ISLAND

This is the easternmost one of the northern group, and consists of three
islets separated by narrow passages, the eastward channel being navigable for
small boats at high tide only. The eastern point lies ten and three quarter miles
from the nearest mainland. The islands extend four and a half miles in a gen-
eral east and west direction. The eastern extremity of the group is a large arched
rock, but the true eastern island is a mile long, a quarter of a mile wide, and 2(10
feet high. It is the lowest of the group and is rather level on top. The middle
one is nearly one and three quarters miles long, three quarters of a mile wide,
and 320 feet high. The western and largest island is two miles long, three quar-
ters of a mile wdde, and rises to a peak 980 feet high. The shores are perpendic-
ular and filled with numerous caves. This is a most beautiful island, especially
in the spring, when it is covered with verdure and wild flowers.

SANTA CRUZ ISLAND

Santa Cruz Island is the most beautiful and the largest island of all, being
twenty-one miles long, in an east and west direction, with an average wndth of
five miles, and a peak 2407 feet high. The eastern part is very irregular, barren
and almost destitute of water. The western part, however, is, in certain locali-
ties, especially near Prisoners Harbor, plentifully besprinkled with forests of
the Santa Cruz pine, which, in the higher parts, gives a distinctly boreal impres-
sion. At the lower edge of the pines are oaks and considerable grass land. The
larger canyons are well wooded with a variety of deciduous trees, some of them
quite large, and there is good \\ater in many of them. Low cliffs skirt the shore.
About three quarters of a mile southward from the southern end, is Gull Islet,
i50 feet high, it being the largest and outermost of a group of small rocky islets
a quarter of a mile in extent. There are two ranches upon the island, and a
small hotel which is visited more or less regularly by an excursion boat from the
city of Santa Barbara. Good camping spots can be found almost anywhere.
There are many sheep on the island, a few^ pigs and house cats run wild, and
there are some foxes, though the latter are not as plentiful as formerly.

12 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No. 12

SANTA ROSA ISLAND

Santa Rosa Island lies five miles westward from Santa Crnz, and is fifteen
miles long, with a maximum width of ten miles. The shores are bold, high and
rocky; the highest point is 1562 feet, near the middle of the island. Water is
plentiful, and the island is covered with vegetation, but there arc no large trees.
There are sheep upon the island and several people live there, but it is hard to
obtain permission to stay upon it.

SAN MIGUEL ISLAND

This is the westernmost island of the group, and is the most difficult to ap-
proach. Its western point lies about twenty-five miles south of the nearest main-
land, and its eastern point three miles westward from Santa Rosa. The island
is irregular in shape, seven and a half miles long in an east and west direction,
and with an average width of two miles. The highest points, 860 and 850 feet
respectively, are about the middle of the island near the southern shore. There
is much long grass but no trees, and in the western part there are extensive sand
dunes. This sand is constantly shifting and encroaching on the remainder of the
island. The shores are bold, broken and rocky, with a few short stretches of
beach, the southern shore being more precipitous than the northern. Several
fairly good landing places occur, and there is some good water. Prince Islet, 303
feet high, lies a half mile off Cuyler's Harbor, which is about midway on the
northern coast. It is a breeding place for many sea-fowl.

Begg's, Wilson, and Richardson rocks are all three of small extent, and are
respectively 40, 15, and 50 feet high. As far as I know, they have been visited
by no ornithologist. A few gulls and cormorants may make their homes upon
them, but it is unlikely that they hold anything of greater interest.

1917 13

PROBLEMS PRESENTED BY THE ISLAND AVIFAUNA

The climate of the islands, taken as a whole, is more equable and humid than
that of the mainland coastal plain nearby. Although rainfall records are lack-
ing, it is common belief that even the islands nearest shore receive slightly less
rain than does the adjacent mainland. This is to be expected, for the nearer one
approaches to the mountains, the heavier is the annual rainfall. Those islands
farthest from the coast have a still smaller precipitation, and are corresponding-
ly more barren. The increased humidity, despite the lesser rainfall, is caused by
the modifying influences of the surrounding sea and frequent fogs. The cli-
mate of any one of the larger islands shows much variation, according to expos-
ure. The seaward sides are subjected to dense fogs and heavy winds, tending to
raise the average temperature in winter and lower it in summer. The compara-
tively sheltered landward sides are much warmer during the summer months,
occasionally presenting an aspect that is decidedly Lower Sonoran, though in
reality, the Upper Sonoran is the lowest, and by far the most prevalent zone that
occurs. In winter the temperature is higher than it is at the same altitude on the
nearby mainland coast, due again to the sea ; frosts are unknown, except possibly
on the higher parts of the islands.

On some islands there are high, grassy ridges and tablelands, in strong con-
trast to the wooded canyons, and on Santa Cruz, pine forests, which, while prob-
ably of a Transition nature, present features decidedly boreal in appearance.
Although certain characteristics of other parts of this and other islands impress
one as being in a higher zone than Upper Sonoran, I am of the opinion that these
pine forests are the only spots in the region that will bear out such an impres-
sion. Taken as a whole, the climate of the islands probably has a lower mean
temperature than that of the adjacent coastal plain, which would tend to give
them a climate somewhat approaching that of the coast farther north, though not
with any conspicuous effect upon the flora and fauna.

The Santa Barbara Island Faunal Area, as a division, would seem to be con-
sidered such more because of convenience and its geographical position, than be-
cause of any general uniformity or peculiarity of animal or plant life. Geogra-
phically it is segregated from the rest of the state, and the distinct insular forms
afford an apparent reason for terming it a separate faunal area ; in reality it is
made up of an infusion from several of the other California divisions. In the
main, it is clearly San Diegan, but it also contains elements of the Sierran Area,
and to a greater extent is suggestive of the more humid northern coast district,
not so much of the Humid Coast Faunal Area as, say, of the San Francisco Baj'-
Region.

14 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No. 12

Colonizatiou of the islands by birds may have been brought about in two, or
possibly in three, ways. First, through those species which originally lived in
the territory at the time when the islands were part of the mainland ; these would
seem to constitute the bulk of the species now resident there. Second, through
such instances as where a pair or more of a species had wandered from the main-
land during fogs, or, having been blown to an island by storms, settled there
permanently. This theory, has, I believe, been accepted as an explanation of the
presence of some few^ resident birds on other islands. A third theory, which I
consider rather improbalile, is that a few individuals of a species regularly or oc-
casionally visiting the islands in winter or during migration, have remained to
breed.

Conditions bearing upon the bird life of the islands differs from those on
the mainland in a variety of ways, as one would expect. Here we have the sur-
vival of the fittest carried to the extremest degree. If a species cannot readily
adapt itself to changed conditions, it is unable to seek more congenial surround-
ings, as on most parts of the continent, but must get along where it is, or perish.
If structural adjustments are possible, insular forms arise. Food on the islands
must differ, in the case of many birds, from that available on the mainland ; but
to just what extent, it is impossible to say. Notable cases are those of the insular
^lockingbird and House Finch, which feed on the fruit of the opuntia cactus
until their whole fronts are stained by the red juice. This may enter into the
menu of their mainland relatives as well, but certainly not to a like extent.

As for extreme change of habits, one has but to visit Santa Barbara Island
to be impressed by the case of the Song Sparrow. This island is rather barren
and without water; so, instead of a shady retreat among the dense brush of a
damp ravine, we see the little fellows out-larking the Horned Larks themselves,
among the iceplant and short grass of the mesa. The House Finches have taken
to building in pockets of the conglomerate cliffs as well as in the cactus, and the
Dusky Warbler, instead of building almost invariably on the ground, as does
the Lutescent, prefers a vine, shrub, or even the branches of a tree fifteen feet
above the ground.

Different exposures would seem to give more widely varying results than do
similar situations upon the mainland, judging by my experiences on Todos San-
tos Island, near Ensenada, Lower California. This island, of course, is beyond
the range of the present paper, but it is very similar to the smaller of the Santa
Barbara Islands, and is comparable in climate as well as otherwise. From April

15 to 20, 1910, I was on Todos Santos, and found that at the northern end the
San Clemente House Finches were far advanced in nesting (Howell, Condor,
XIV, 1912, p. 190). I found only two pairs having eggs far advanced in incuba-
tion, w^hile a dozen were located with young in all stages, some of which were
ready to leave the nests. On the southern end, fresh eggs and incomplete sets
was the rule, no young at all being noted. This was an unusual state of affairs.
The island is a mile and a quarter long and the northern end is windy and fog
drenched. Mobile the southern part is comparatively warm and sheltered. I am
unable to offer any explanation of this. Certainly the food supply could not
have had anything to do with it in such a small area.

1917 BIRDS OF THE SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ISLANDS 15

Judging by the data in hand, the whole life cycle of the smaller insular sub-
species and species, on the more southern islands at least, is shifted a month or
six weeks earlier than that of the corresponding mainland forms. On San Cle-
mente Island in 1915, we collected during the last week in March juvenile
Shrikes, Song Sparrows, Horned Larks, House Finches and San Clemente Wrens
that were strong on the wing and with well grown tails. These were not isolated
cases, for after the first day seen, the youngsters at once became common. On
April 9 I shot a young Song Sparrow that had almost completed the post-juvenal
molt. On the same date, on San Clemente, however, the larger birds, such as the
Bald Eagle and the Raven, were not farther advanced in breeding operations
than one would expect. On Todos Santos Island, April 16, 1910, a pair of Baru
Owls had a nest containing a chick two-thirds grown, while during the first part
of the month, on the mainland, I examined two occupied nests which as yet held
no eggs, though of course Barn Owls sometimes do lay before this date. As pre-
viously mentioned, there were yoimg House Finches there at the same time that
were ready to leave the nest, but on the mainland there is not mucli use looking
for Linnets ' eggs before the last of March.

This early nesting may be due to obscure and unrecognized causes, but it is
partly influenced by the mild winters, and to a greater extent, by the abundant
food supply. In regard to the latter, it is hard to make comparisons, for on parts
of the mainland where trees occur, there are large numbers of insects in the tops
of these, while on an island such as San Clemente they are under one's feet and
more readily noticed. Be that as it may, on some of the islands insects are every-
where, and as there is no frost to reduce their numbers, the birds do not have to
wait in the spring until the presence of a new generation of bugs enables them to
begin nesting operations.

The molt, also, takes place earlier than is usual upon the mainland, antl
birds in fresh plumage may be taken in early August, if not before. iMarch speci-
mens are sometimes as ragged and faded as mainland ones taken in late June,
and by the time the new feathers begin to grow some of the birds are almost
naked.

Small birds on the islands are particularly numerous, due partly to the
abundant food supply, in large measure to the absence of many predaceous
forms, and to the excellent cover afforded by the patches of cactus and thorny
scrub Avith which the islands abound. Here they usually nest and roost, secure
from everything except, in the case of the smaller ones, an occasional marauding
mouse.

The birds of the Santa Barbara Islands have not lost any of their fear of
man, as have, for instance, those of the Galapagos Archipelago. The aborigines
inhabited some of the islands for a long time, and white men have been visiting
them for many years. On the Coronados I have had Song Sparrows hopping
about within two feet of my head, but, on the other hand, the Island Shrike is
the most wary land bird for its size that I have ever encountered.

The formation of insular races is so shrouded in mystery that it is unsafe to
speculate as to causes and effects save in a most general way. We can see that
climate has played an important part in this. As mentioned previously, the gen-

16 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No. 12

eral island climate has a slightly northern or more humid tendency, and this has
its expected effect in that the majority of forms are slightly darker than are
their relatives on the adjacent mainland. In connection with the effect of cli-
mate on the birds as they were and as they now are, it is interesting to speculate
in regard to a number of suggestions and theories set forth. The previous integ-
rality of the islands and continent, and their subsequent separation at an uncer-
tain date; the effects of the encroaching ice cap in glacial times; some of the
tendencies of Pleistocene times as indicated by the avifauna of the Rancho La
Brea beds, and the finding there of conifers which do not now occur in the con-
tigous territory : all this makes interesting food for thought and speculation, but
is not closely enough related nor well enough understood for me to dare to set
down any conclusions. Each of these changing factors has undoubtedly had an
influence, however.

Both food and the quest of it have probably been contributing factors in th(5
forming of island races. It might readily be that in the course of time an arbor-
eal form inhabiting an island tliat had few trees and few predaceous forms, wo aid
show a shortening of the wdngs, and corresponding increase in the size of the
lower extremities. Wliether or not, this has had any effect, it is a fact that prac-
tically all the island subspecies whose feet differ from the forms of the main-
land, have those parts lieavier, but without the correlated shortening of the wing.
Habits, as previously illustrated in the Song Sparrows of Santa Barbara Island,
may have an active influence in this connection, and the effects of inbreeding
must also be considered. It is a well known fact among breeders of domestic ani-
mals that continual inbreeding will result in loss of vigor, lessening of size, and
accentuation of any defective points; and that it will help to bring out latent
atavistic tendencies. This surely does not concern us in the majority of in-
stances ; but where a stray pair of a species has reached an island and remained
to breed, I believe that the resultant inbreeding would have a strong tendency
to form characters differing from the original type.

The island species and subspecies, including those that have been deemed
unworthy of recognition by the A. 0. U. Committee, number nineteen. When
differing at all in dimensions from their relatives of the mainland, it is in the
following respects. Wing : in three races shorter and in two longer. Tail : in one
shorter and in two longer. Bill : in two smaller and in ten larger. Tarsus : in
one smaller and in seven heavier. Toe : in one shorter and in seven heavier or
longer. Eleven of the races show darker markings and three show lighter mark-
ings. Taking a composite of the lot, we find that the influences of this group o£
islands tend to produce a bird of greater total length, with larger, heavier bill,
and heavier tarsus and foot. The length of wing and tail remains about the
same, and coloration becomes darker, with brighter colors and heavier streaking.

There seems to be a well used line of migration through the islands. Prac-
tically none of the passerine transients occur in large numbers, but the seasonal
waves of migration are well marked. There are several records from these and
the Farallon Islands, of birds that are decidedly rare in any part of the far west.
Winter visitants are abundant, but the species which are absent during the win-
ter, and return to the islands for the purpose of breeding, number only five.

1917 17

GENERAL ACCOUNTS OF THE BIRDS

1. Aechmophorus occidentalis (Lawi-pnee)

Western Grebe

Aechmophorus occidentalis (1) Howell and van Rossem, Condor, xiii, 1911, p. 209.

Probably a regular and not uncommon winter visitant. C. B. Linton (MS)
has noted this species at different times during the winter months in the vicinity
of San Clemente and Santa Barbara islands. A. van Rossem (1) noted a single
bird at Santa Cruz Island the latter part of April, 1911.

2. Colymbus auritus Linnaeus

Horned Grebe

Colymhus auritus (J) Dawson, Condor, xvii, 1915, p. 204.

W. L. Dawson (1, MS) saw and photographed two of these birds at Prison-
er's Harbor, Santa Cruz Island, April 22, 1915. He says that in the photographs
the species is recognizable, as the birds were approaching high nuptial plumage.

3. Colymbus nigjicoUis calif ornicus (Heermann)

Eared Grebe

Colymbus nigricollis calif ornicus (1) Grinnell, Pasadena Acad. Sci., ii, 1898, p. 5.
Am[erican]. Eared Grebe (2) Grinnell, Bull. Cooper Orn. Club, i, 1899, p. 19.
Colymbus californicus (3) Linton, Condor, x, 1908, p. 82. (Jt) Linton, Condor, x, 1908,
p. 125.

Common in winter about all the islands. C. B. Ijinton {MS) has found the
species at San Nicolas in winter, and (3) recorded large flocks near the north
end of San Clemente from December to March, 1907. He also reports (4) one
specimen taken at Santa Cruz during November of the same year. During the
latter half of April, 1911, A. van Rossem and I found the birds to be rather com-
mon in the latter locality. One taken April 25 was in the midst of the spring
molt. J. Grinnell (1) found them to be numerous at Catalina during the last
week in December, 1897, and I have noted them there repeatedly throughout
April.

4. Podilymbus podiceps (Linnaeus)

Pied-billed Grebe
The only record of this species from the islands seems to be that of a female
taken by H. Wright at San Clemente, August 26, 1908, and now in my collection.

5. Gavia immer (Briinnich)

Loon

Gavia immer (1) Dawson, Condor, xvii, 1915, p. 203.

While at Santa Cruz Island during April, 1915, W. L. Dawson (i) saw sev-
eral of these birds at close range. This species undoubtedly occurs about the isl-

18 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No. 12

ands in numbers during the winter, as it does along the mainland, but unless espe-
cially hunted for, loons are most often seen at long range. As the several forms
are hard to differentiate under such circumstances, common loons may have been
noted about the islands and ascribed to the more numerous pacifica.

6. Gavia pacifica (Lawrence)

Pacific Loon

Orinator pacificus (1) Grinnell, Pasadena Acad. Sci., ii, 1898, p. ft.
Pacific Loon (2) Grinnell, Bull. Cooper Orn. Club, i, 1899, p. 19.

Gavia pacifica (3) Linton, Condor, x, 1908, p. 125. (4) Linton, Condor, xi, 1909, p. 193.
(5) Willett, Pac. Coast Avif., 7, 1912, p. 10. («) Dawson, Condor, xvii, 1915, p. 205.

Abundant about the islands during migration, and not uncommon in win-
ter. C. B. Linton (4) reports having seen a few around San Clemente during
the winter of 1908, and J. Grinnell {!) took two specimens at Catalina during
the last -week in December, 1907. A. van Rossem and I found them to be present
at Santa Cruz Island during the last half of April, 1911.

G. Willett (5) states that they arrive in September and leave in May, but
the bulk of the spring migration occurs from the middle to the last of April. The
main line of travel seems to be about twenty miles off shore, though in places it
is a trifle nearer. During a favorable morning I have watched thousands of
what must have been this species flying north in detached companies of from half
a dozen to thirty individuals, and all following exactly the same line of flight.
At this time the birds like to feed in the little coves along the shores of the isl-
ands, to which they are doubtless attracted by the spawning smelt. They are
fond of fishing in company with cormorants, and during the heat of the day,
mixed flocks of these several species may often be seen sleeping or playing a hun-
dred yards beyond the surf.

7. Gavia stellata (Pontoppidan)

RfED-THROATED LoON

Gavia stellata (i) Dawson, Condor, xvii, 1915, p. 203.

W. L. Dawson {1) states that during most of his stay on Santa Cruz Island,
April 3 to 22, 1915, there was a single individual of this species usually to be
found in the vicinity of Prisoner's Harbor. While it is hard to distinguish be-
tween this form and pacifica except at close range, there is every indication that
stellata is a regular and not rare winter visitant to the islands.

8. Lunda cirrhata (Pallas)

Tufted Puffin

Lunda cirrhata (1) Henshaw, Rep. Wheeler Surv., 1876, p. 278. (2) Streator, Proc. Sta.
Barbara Soc. Nat. Hist., i, 1887, p. 23. (3) Streator, Orn. & Ool. xiii, 1888, p. 53.
(.)) Grinnell, Pasadena Acad. Sci., i, 1897, p. 22. (J) Grinnell, Pasadena Acad. Sci.,
II, 1898, p. 6. (6) Grinnell, Pac. Coast Avif., 3, 1902, p. 10. (7) Willett, Condor, xii,
1910, p. 172. (S) A. O. U. Check-list, 3d ed., 1910, p. 25. (.9) Howell and van Ros-
sem, Condor, xiii, 1911, p. 209. (10) Willett, Pac. Coast Avif., 7, 1912, p. 10. {11)

1917 BIRDS OF THE SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ISLANDS 19

Wright and Snyder, Condor, xv, 1913, p. 87. (12) Grinnell, Pac. Coast Avif., 11, 1915,

p. 17.
Lluncla]. cirrata (J3) Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 5th ed., 1903, p. 1066.
Tufted Puffin (I'l) Willett, Condor, xii, 1910, p. 170.

Coininon resident al)out the nortliern islands, occurring farther south in win-
ter. C. B. Linton and G. Willett {10) each saw a bird near San Nicolas in May,
1910, and on June 23, 1911. The latter date would indicate that the birds possi-
bly breed in the vicinity, but I think this is doubtful. I saw them near an inac-
cessible cliff on Catalina in April, 1911, but I hardly think it likely that they
nest there, as they had not before been reported from this, probably the most
often visited island of the group, during the breeding season.

Eggs have not been taken on Santa Barbara Island, to my knowledge, but in
April I have found burrows there that undoubtedly belonged to this species. H.
Wright (Jl) records what were probably the same burrows, July 4, 1912, and
the fact that he saw five birds in the vicinity. On Anacapa the same writer
found the birds to be quite numerous near the east end, but very few nests were
accessible. Those examined held either young or egg shells, July 5. At the same
place D. R. Dickey (MS), in 1913, noted a number of pairs going to and from
the cliffs, but examined no nests.

A. van Rossem and I found the birds to be fairly common at Santa Cruz
Island during April, 1911, and the fishermen told us that they breed regularly
near the north end of the island. Although several writers give this bird as a
common resident there, definite breeding records from the locality seem to be
lacking, as also from Santa Rosa.

At San ]\Iiguel a large colony makes its home on Prince Islet. J. S. Apple -
ton and H. C. Burt (10) took fresh eggs there June 6, 1906, while H. Wright
(11) found young from a few days to several weeks old, July 10, 1912.

9. Cerorhinca monocerata (Pallas)

Rhinoceros Auklet

Cerorhyncfia monocerata (1) Baird, Brewer and Ridgway, Water Birds N. Am., ii, 1884,
p. 522. (2) Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxvi, 1898, p. 611.

Cerorhinca monocerata (3) Grinnell, Pasadena Acad. Sci., ii, 1898, p. 6. (J) Bailey,
Handb. Birds West. U. S., 2d ed., 1904, p. 13. (5) Linton, Condor, x, 1908, p. 125.
(6-) Linton, Condor, xi, 1909, p. 193. (7) Willett, Pac. Coast Avif., 7, 1912, p. 10.

Rhinoceros Auklet (S) Grinnell, Bull. Cooper Orn. Club, 1, 1899, p. 18.

Common in winter near all the islands. In June, 1913, on one of the Coro-
nados, I found the dessicated remains of a Rhinoceros Auklet which apparently
had been partly eaten by a Duck Hawk the winter before. C. B. Linton (6)
took two specimens at San Clemente during the winter of 1908, and J. Grinnell
(3, 8) reported the species as especially abundant at Catalina during December,
1897, he having secured ten specimens on the 29th. He states that they were par-
ticularly wary, swimming under water for three hundred yards or more when
pursued.

Dr. Heermann (1) thought that they burrowed on Santa Barbara Island,

20 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No. 12

but what he found were probably the holes of the puffins ; he saw an Auklet
fly ashore with a fish in its mouth, and plunge into a hole. Of course these birds
may have nested on Santa Barbara many years ago, and since become extirpated.
I am inclined to think that Heermann must have been mistaken as to the identity
of his bird, it having been ''towards night", but anyway, there is small likeli-
hood of the species having nested on any of this group of islands for a gre?t
many years.

C. B. Linton and G. Willett (7) took specimens during November and De-
cember at Santa Cruz Island, and found that they were not particularly shy. The
crops of those shot contained sardines three or four inches long. There is in the
British Museum (2) an adult taken in spring at San Miguel.

These birds are deep water fishermen and are to be found near the islands
only where the ocean bottom drops abruptly. When resting they present a very
clmnky appearance, and, like most of their near relatives, they prefer to escape a
pursuer by diving rather than by flying. They arrive in October and leave the
first part of May, as A. van Rossem and I found them not uncommon at Santa
Cruz Island up to May 2, 1911. Some of them, at least, acquire their nuptial
plumage before this time.

10. Ptychoramphus aleuticus (Pallas)

Cassin Auklet

Ptychoramphus aleiiticus (J) Cooper, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., iv, 1870, p. 79. (3) Baird.
Brewer and Ridgway, Water Birds N. Am., ii, 1884, p. 519. (3) Streator, Orn. & Ool.,
XIII, 1888, p. 54. (4) Townsend, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xiii, 1890, p. 140. (5) Ste-
phens, Ault, X, 1893, p. 298. (0') Grinnell, Pasadena Acad. Sci., i, 1897, p. 22. (7)
Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxvi, 1898, p. 600. (S) Grinnell, Pac. Coast
Avif., 3, 1902, p. 10. (9) Grinnell & Daggett, Auk, xx, 1903, pp. 30, 37. (10) Rob-
ertson, Condor, v, 1903, p. 96. (11) Breninger, Auk, xxi, 1904, p. 222. (12) Reed,
N. Am. Birds' Eggs, 1904, p. 14. (13) Mearns, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., lvi, 1907, p. 141.
UJf) Linton, Condor, x, 1908, p. 82. (15) Linton, Condor, x, 1908, p. 125. (16)
Wright, Condor, xi, 1909, p. 98. (11) Osburn, Condor, xi, 1909, p. 135. (18) Willett,
Condor, xii, 1910, p. 172. (19) Willett, Pac. Coast Avif., 7, 1912, p. 11. (20) Wright
and Snyder, Condor, xv, 1913, pp. 86, 88. (21) Grinnell, Pac. Coast Avif., 11, 1915,
p. 18.

Ptychorampus aleiiticus (22) Grinnell, Pasadena Acad. Sci., ii, 1898, p. 6.

Cassin Auklet (23) Beck, Bull. Cooper Orn. Club, i, 1899, p. 85. (2/,) Anthony, Bull.
Cooper Orn. Club, i, 1899, p. 102. (25) Will6tt, Condor, xii, 1910, p. 171.

A most abundant resident, breeding in all suitable localities that are free
from cats and foxes. On the northernmost of the Coronados group there is a
very large colony of these birds, but they occur on none of the other three. Com-
mon in the vicinity of San Clemente and Catalina during the winter months, but
not recorded from either place in summer or spring.

In May, 1863, Cooper (2) found these birds numerous on Santa Barbara,
where they had undermined almost every part of the soft, earthy surface with
their burrows. In May, 1897, J. Grinnell (8, 22) recorded it as breeding in large
numbers in the same locality. Since that time, cats have been introduced, and

1!)17 BIRDS OF THE SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ISLANDS 21

in i\Iay. 1908, I could find no indications of the anklets' presence on the island.
G. Willett (19), however, fonnd about a hundred pairs ])reeding on a large de-
tached rock near the main island, June 14, 1911. Nine nests examined held
heavily incubated eggs.

G. AVillett (3')) states tliat the birds were common at Anacapa the night ot:
June 5, 1910, and were undoubtedly breeding. They are not found on the main
part of either Santa Cruz or San Miguel, but on a rocky islet near Scorpion Har-
bor, at the former island, R. H. Beck (23) found many occupied burrows on June
5, 1895. On Prince Islet (San Miguel) there is a large colony (18, 19, 20) which
occupies fill available space. Willett (19) thinks that they breed on Santa Rosa.

This species probably outnumbers all our other small pelagic birds com-
bined. They seem to be somewhat more plentiful in winter than during the rest
of the year, so it is possible that, although considered as non-migratory in Cali-
fornia, there is, during the cold weather, a limited influx of individuals that
liave bred farther north, which mingle with the local birds. The nesting season
varies appreciably from year to year. The birds begin looking for home sites
towards the latter part of February, and fresh eggs may be expected by the last
of March. During the middle of June, 1910, on the Coronados, however, I found
fresh eggs to be the rule, and encountered but one small young out of a score of
nests examined. On July 1, 1913, D. R. Dickey, A. van Rossem and I found but
two or three badly incubated eggs, the remainder of the nests containing youug
in various stages, most of them being half grown. Other observers have reported
a similar variation of nesting dates.

The single white egg is laid by preference in a burrow in soft ground, but
in a large colony, a number of birds are forced to occupy crannies under and
between rocks. New burrows are not constructed when old ones are available,
and some of the latter are a foot in diameter at the entrance, seeming to have
been occupied for a very great number of years. The birds are rather filthy, and
the burrows have a very bad odor, strongly reminding one of an ill kept chicken
house. T\\e nestlings are at first covered with a slaty down which remains on the
tips of the feathers some time after these have grown out. In the morning the
crops of the youngsters were found to be stuffed with a thin, homogeneous mass
which smelled most vilely.

The adults forage well out to sea, in pairs or as many as twenty-five indi-
viduals in a flock. They suffer a great deal from the depredations of the Duck
Hawks, a pair or two of which are usually to be found near each colony. The
auklets attain an amazing speed when pitching vertically from the tops of the
islands upon being released from the hand, but the falcons overtake them with
ease, and continue to slaughter after their hunger has been appeased, merely for
the fun of it. The great mortality among these birds that the winter storms cause
is appalling. After one of these storms I have walked along the beaches of our
mainland for mile after mile, and counted dead or dying birds, sometimes averag-
ing as close together as one every hundred yards (see Condor, xvi, 1913, p. 144).
This is probably due more to their being unable to feed in very rough water,
rather than to the buffeting of the waves.

22 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No. 12

11. Synthliboramphus antiquus (Gmelin)

Ancient Murrelet

Synth libo7-amphvs antiquus (/) Linton, Condor, x, 1908, p. 125. (?) Linton, Condor, xt,
1909, p. 102. (3) Linton. Condor, x, 1908, p. 193. (.'/) Osburn, Condor, xin, 1911, p.
76. (J) Willett, Pac. Coast Avif., 7, 1912, p. 11. (C) Grinnell, Pac. Coast Avif., 11,
1915, p. 18.

Probably a regular winter visitant, though there are comparatively few
records of its occurrence. C. B. Linton {2, 3) took several and saw the remains
of others during November and December, 1908, at San Clemente. At Catalina,
February 18, 1910, A. van Rossem (MS) obtained an individual that was feeding
near several Rhinoceros Auklets. C. B. Linton (i) secured two near the shore of
Santa Cruz Island, December 17 and 18, 1907.

12. Brachyramphus hypoleucus Xantus

Xantus Murrelet

Brachyramphus hypoleucus (1) Cooper, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., iv, 1868, p. 12. (2) Coo-
per, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., iv, 1870, p. 79. (3) Goss, Auk, i, 1884, p. 396. (.'/) Bry-
ant, Cat. Birds Lower Calif., 1890, p. 250. (-■;) Grinnell, Pasadena Acad. Sci., i, 1897,
p. 23. (6") Grinnell, Pasadena Acad. Sci., ii, 1898, p. 6. (7) Brewster, Birds Cape
Region Lower Calif., 1902, p. 15. (8) Grinnell, Pac. Coast Avif., 3, 1902, p. 11. (9)
Bailey, Handb. Birds West. U. S., 2d ed., 1904, p. 16. (10) Reed, N. Am. Birds'
Eggs, 1904, p. 16. ill) Linton, Condor, x, 1908, p. 125. (12) Lamb, Condor, xi, 1909,
p. 8. (13) Wright, Condor, xi, 1909, p. 98. (Uf) Osburn, Condor, xi, 1909, p. 136.
(15) Linton, Condor, xi, 1909, p. 193. (16) Willett, Condor, xii, 1910, p. 170. (17)
Howell, Condor, xii, 1910, p. 184. (18) A. O. U. Check-list, 3d ed., 1910, p. 30. (19)
Willett, Pac. Coast Avif., 7, 1912, p. 12. (20) Wright and Snyder, Condor, xv, 1913,
pp. 86, 89. (21) van Rossem, Condor, xvii, 1915, p. 73. (22) Grinnell, Pac. Coast
Avif., 11, 1915, p. 19.

Xantus Murrelet (23) Anthony, Bull. Cooper Orn. Club, i, 1899^ p. 102. (2-',) Peyton,
Oologist, XXX, 1913, p. 78.

Micruria hypoleuca (25) Anthony, Auk, xvii, 1900, p. 168.

Occurs in considerable numbers throughout the entire group of islands dur-
ing the winter, and has been recorded breeding as far north as Anacapa.

A. W. Anthony (33) was the first to discover this bird nesting on the Coro-
nados ; since then it seems to have increased steadily in numbers, until at
present it may be classed as abundant on all four islands of the group. One
or nioi'e wild house cats on south island, however, make sad inroads on the birds
that venture to nest there. C. B. Linton (15) took one at Clemente in December,
1908; H. Wright {19} has seen them there in summer, and believes that they
were breeding. I consider this highly improbable, however, except that a few
pairs may possibly be found on a large rock near the western end.

J. Gr. Cooper (2) reported them as breeding sparingly on Santa Barbara
Island in 1863, and H. Wright (20) found a single fresh egg in a hole on this
island, July 2, 1912. They are surely destined to Ix^ driven from this locality, as
liave the auklets, by the cats. II. C. Burt {19) took a slightly incubated egg on
Anacapa, May 15, 1911, and during tlie spring of 1913, D. R. Dickey and A. van

1!)17 BIRDS OF THE SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ISLANDS 23

Rosseni found the birds to be not iineomnion in the same locality. One was shot
by G. Willett {11) during November, 1907, at Santa Cruz Island.

A. W. Anthony {23) states that on the Coronados in April, nearly all the
eggs had hatched, but I have found fresh eggs in numbers the latter half of
June, and a partly incubated set July 11, 1910. This might argue that two fam-
ilies are raised each year, but as a number of eggs are broken against the hard
rocks on which they are deposited, and as the mortality among the downy young
must be considerable, I am inclined to think that the great proportion of liypc-
leucus to be found nesting late in the season are birds whose first sets have come
to grief.

They do not assemble in colonies, but a number of pairs will often nest close
together in some especially nice rock slide or other favorite location. Nests may
be found from just out of reach of the high tides to the very tops of the islands.
A real burrow is never constructed, nor will they inhabit one that is made by an-
other bird, the usual site being a deep cranny under or between rocks and bould-
ers. They will, however, enlarge a small crack between the ground and a rock,
or scratch away a hollow in tlie loam beneath a tangle of low brush. No material
is used for construction of a nest, and a surprising number of eggs are cracked
by rubbing against the sharp rocks. Forty-eight hours elapse between deposi-
tions of eggs, and these occur before six in the morning.

A series of 152 eggs collected during the last few years by D. R. Dickey, A.
van Rossem and myself, and measured by me, averages 2.10x1.41 inches. Ex-
tremes are 1.93 to 2.30 inches in length, and 1.29 to 1.51 in diameter. No bird
on the Check-List, possibly with the exception of those of the genus Uria, lay
^ggs exhibiting as wide a variation in color and markings as do those of Xantus
^lurrelet. Eggs even of the same set run from an almost solid dark chestnut to
a clear sky blue with very faint markings. The majority have either a dark sea
green or drab ground color, with a great variety of brown and lavender cloud-
ings, spots and blotches. It is but rarely that both eggs of a set are of the darker
type. D. R. Dickey has made a careful study of the sets of single eggs that occur
so frequently, and he {MS) believes that the single eggs are incomplete sets, the
parents of which have been killed, possibly by Duck Hawks, before the second egg
was laid. Be that as it may, he has found only one incubated egg out of more
than fifty sets of singles that he has examined, the remainder being either fresh
or addled. This would indicate that the species practically never lays less than
two eggs to the normal set.

The young show amazing vitality. A set of two pipped eggs rescued by A.
van Rossem and myself after having been deserted among the cold, damp rocks
by the parents thirty-six hours before, hatched two lusty youngsters, and these
Ave succeeded in keeping alive for several days on a diet of hard-boiled eggs.
When we substituted bits of fish for this, one died. The other escaped from his
box, crawled out of the tent, tumbled down a cliff, and when discovered was
making his way with all speed out to sea. The tarsus of a newly hatched chick
is nearly as long as that of an adult, and they swim very fast, with their little
feet fairly twinkling. Upon being placed in the sea at the age of two days, out-
bird at once made itself at home, diving at the slightest suspicion of danger and

24 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No. 12

swimming for several yards beneath the siirface. A large fish twice rose at him,
which the little fellow cleverly dodged. As in the case of the Ancient Murrelet
(Heath, Condor, xvn, 1915, p. 35), the young are called to sea at night by the
old birds. This, in the case of the present species, I have found to occur when
the chicks are from three to four days old. T have gained so much respect for
their SMnmming powers that I am inclined to think that but few perish by being
dashed against the rocks while entering the sea. I do believe, however, thaf the
larger fish get a good many, and as their down readily becomes waterlogged,
numbers must perish during the spring storms. When first hatched, they pre-
sent the most attractive appearance of any bird I know^

Sliortly after dark during the breeding season, numbers of the adults make
tlieir way to the coves and shallow water about the islands, and from then until
dawn they can be heard giving their characteristic cr3^ which may be described
as a shrill, slow twitter, about four notes to the second. At night, and especially
when hunting nesting sites, they will sometimes be attracted to a light on shore.
They doubtless make several trips to the nests each night, but during the day
they keep well to sea, in pairs or family parties, and when pressed too closely,
will rise to the wind and fly some distance rather than dive. When attacked by
a Duck Hawk while flying, they will suffer themselves to be caught rather than
taice to the water, but a wounded bird Mall almost make one believe that he has
turned fish.

It has been stated {12) that this species will vomit a thin yellow oil when
handled, after the manner of petrels, but of approximately a hundred and fifty
live birds which 1 have handled, not one has shown any inclination to do this,
neither do their stomachs contain any oil, only a clotted, greenish slime in those
that I have taken, and very little of that. It seems probable that this is only an
indigestible residue, and that they are partial to all forms of small Crustacea and
otlier sea life. I believe, however, that they very seldom eat fish.

13. Brachyramphus craven (Salvador!)

Craveri Murrei.et

Brachyramplius craveri (/) van Rossem, Condor, xvii, 1915, p. 74. (:2) Grinnell, Pac.
Coast Avif., 11, 1915, p. 175.

Near the Coronados on August 13, 1914, A. van Eossem {!) and L. M. Huey
secured six murrelets that conform to the descriptions of craveri. J. Grinnell
(2) suggests that the characters as given for this species are due merely to age,
I have had little experience with this form, but am inclined to think that the dif-
ference between craveri and hypoleucus is not due to age, for I have handled
scores of birds of the latter race, and none of them have had dark under wing
coverts. As liypoleiicus wanders well north of its breeding range after the nest-
ing season, it is only natural that craveri should do likewise.

14. Cepphus columba Pallas

Pigeon Guillemot

Vria columba (1) Cooper, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., iv, 1870, p. 79. (2) Henshaw, Rep.
Wheeler Surv., 1876, p. 278. (."?) Streator, Proc. Sta. Barbara Soc. Nat. Hist., i,
1887, p. 22.

1!»17 BIRDS OF THE SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ISLANDS 25

Ceppliufi columha ('/) Baird, Brewer and Ridgway, Water Birds N. Am., ii, 1884, p. 495.
{r,) Blake, Auk, iv, 1887, p. 328. (ff) Streator, Orn. & Ool., xiii, 1888, p. 53. (7) Grin-
nell, Pasadena Acad. Sci., i, 1897, p. 23. (S) Grinnell, Pa,sadena Acad. Sci., ii, 1898,
p. 6. (.0) Davie, Nests & Eggs N. Am. Birds, 5th ed., 1898, p. 18. {ID) Grinnell, Pac.
Coast Avif., 3, 1902, p. 11. (//) Linton, Condor, x, 1908, p. 125. {12) Willett, Con-
dor, xir. 1910, p. 172. {13) A. O. V. Check-list, 3d ed., 1910, p. 31. (/'/) Willett, Pac.
Coast Avif., 7. 1912, p. 12. (/.T) Wright and Snyder, Condor, xv, 1913, p. 88. {1(])
Grinnell, Pac. Coast Avif., 11, 1915, p. 19.

Pigeon Guillemot (/7) Willett, Condor, xn, 1910, p. 171.

Common resident aliout the northern islands. J. G. C-ooper {!) recorded
this species from San Clemente in the sixties, and Willett {14) saw three birds
near San Nicolas, June 26, 1911. I have seen a few near Catalina during April,
and J.- Grinnell {8) noted several in the same locality in December, 1897. The
most southerly breeding station recorded is Santa Barbara Island, where J. Grin-
nell {8) found fresh sets of eggs May 15, 1897, and H. Wright {15) saw birds
carrying food into the caves July 8, 1912.

D. R. Dickey {MS) says that on Anacapa, June 22, 1913, these birds were
nesting in almost every tidal cave. Sites Avere chosen well back in the dark,
where the dripping water and dank moisture would seem to make it impossible
for eggs to hatch, but, nevertheless, most of the nests contained young.

H. Wright {15) found them breeding in considerable numbers near the
north end of Santa Cruz Island, July 10, 1912, and A. van Rossem and I saw sev-
eral off shore from Prisoners Harbor, April 24, 1911. On San Miguel, G. Willett
{12) says they were breeding commonly in the caves and niches all around the
island. On June 23, 1910, he found the contents of the nests to vary from fresh
eggs to young of all sizes.

15. Uria troille calif ornica (H. Bryant)

Gai:IFOrnia Murre

Uria t[roille~\. calif ornica (/) Willett, Condor, xn, 1910, p. 172.

IJria troille californica {2) Willett, Pac. Coast Avif., 7, 1912, p. 12. {3) Wright and Sny-
der, Condor, xv, 1913, p. 88. (//) Grinnell, Pac. Coast Avif., 11, 1915, p. 19.

Records from the mainland indicate that during the winter, this bird may be
found as far south as Catalina at least. During the spring they occur in some
numbers in the vicinity of Santa Cruz Island, where A. van Rossem and I en-
countered them in April, 1911, but the only place in this group where they have
been found breeding is on Prince Islet, near San Miguel. J. S. Appleton and H.
C. Burt (5) discovered this colony on June 6, 1906, and took fresh and slightly
incubated eggs. H. Wright (.9) states that on July 12, 1912, there were several
small colonies there, aggregating probably one hundred pairs, which at this date
mostly had young.

1 6. Rissa tridactyla pollicaris Ridgway

Pacific Kittiwake

Hissa tridactyla pollicaris (/) Anthony, Auk, xv, 1898, p. 267. (?) Willett, Pac. Coast
Avif., 7, 1912, p. 13.

Prol)ablv a rt^gnlai" winter visitant, although there are but few records. A.

2(y PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No. 12

W. Anthony (1) says that during the winters of 1896, '97 and '98 he found it of
regular though not common occurrence about Los Coronados Islands. As these
birds keep well away from the shore, they are more easily overlooked than are
the other gulls.

17. Larus g"laucescens Nauraann

Glaucous-winged Gull

Larus glaucescens (1) Grinnell, Pasadena Acad. Sci., ii, 1898, p. 6. (2) Breninger, Auk,
XXI, 1904, p. 219. (3) Howell and van Rossem, Condor, xiii, 1911, p. 209. (//) Wil-
lett, Pac. Coast Avif., 7, 1912, p. 13. (J) Cooke, U. S. Dept Agric, Bull. 292, 1915,
p. 27.

A regular though not plentiful winter visitant. G. F. Breninger (3) noted
immature birds but no adults at San Clemente during February, 1903, and D. R.
Dickey, L. M. Iluey and I saw one or two immatures daily during oar visit to
the same locality from March 22 to April 11, 1915. J. Grinnell (i) recorded the
species from Catalina in December, 1897, and on May 1, 1911, A. van Rossem (3)
saw three individuals at close range on Santa Cruz Island.

18. Larus occidentalis Audubon

Western Gull

Larus occidentalis (1) Cooper, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., iv, 1870, p. 79. (2) Baird, Brewer
and Ridgway, Water Birds N. Am., ii, 1884, p. 231. (.3) Streator, Proc. Sta. Barbara
Soc. Nat. Hist., i, 1887, p. 22. (//) Blake, Auk, iv, 1887, p. 329. (5) Streator, Orn.
& Ool., XIII, 1888, p. 53. (6) Saunders, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxv, 1896, p. 258. (7)
Grinnell, Pasadena Acad. Sci., i, 1897, p. 23. (8) Grinnell, Pasadena Acad. Sci., ii,
1898, p. 6. (9) Grinnell, Pac. Coast Avif., 3, 1902, p. 12. (10) Grinnell and Daggett,
• Auk, XX, 1903, pp. 30, 37. (11) Breninger, Auk, xxi, 1904, p. 219. (12) Anthony,
Auk, xxiii, 1906, p. 135. (13) Mearns, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., i.vi, 1907, p. 141. (14)
Linton, Condor, x, 1908, p. 125. (15) Wright, Condor, xi, 1909, p. 98. (IG) Osburn,
Condor, xi, 1909, p. 193. (/7) Linton, Condor, xi, 1909, p. 193. (18) Willett, Condor,
xii, 1910, p. 173. (19) Osburn, Condor, xiii, 1911, p. 32. (20) Burt, Condor, xiii,
1911, p. 164. (21) Willett, Pac. Coast Avif., 7, 1912, p. 14. (22) Wright and Snyder.
Condor, xv, 1913, pp. 86, 89. (23) Grinnell. Pac. Coast Avjf., 11, 1915, p. 21. (2J,)
Cooke, U. S. Dept. Agric, Bull. 292, 1915, p. 34.

Larus argentatus var. occidentalis (25) Henshaw, Rep. Wheeler Surv., 1876, p. 276.

Western Gull (26) Willett, Condor, xii, 1910, p. 171.

Permanent and abundant resident, breeding on all islands that are not in-
fested with foxes, and when the latter condition prevails, on the nearby detached
rocks. The Western Gull begins selecting a nesting site the first part of April,
and eggs are usually deposited during the last week in that month and first of
May. Some of the young are able to fly by the first of July, but, of coarse, if a
first set is destroyed, unfledged young may be found late in the summer.

During the fall and winter occidentalis is a highly valued citizen, but I defy
anyone to visit a breeding colony and not wish, in the heat of anger, that every
bird of the species might drop dead. If a colony of cormorants, pelicans or
murres is disturbed, there is always a cloud of the larine robbers ready to pounce
on the unprotected eggs, and puncture as many of them as possible. They are

1317 BIRDS OF THE SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ISLANDS 27

particularly fond of newly hatched cormorants and will gulp thein down witii
the utmost satisfaction. Tf the youngster is too large or if it happens to be a pel-
ican chick instead, they will just as cheerfully peck a hole in its skull just to be
doing something. A. AV. Anthony {12) saw one pull an adult C'assin Anklet
t'l-oin a shallow lioh', and swallow it with the same relish that it did the egg a mo-
ment later, and he has watched them in the act of dismembering half grown cor-
morants. As a rule, however, this destruction takes place only when a human in-
truder invades the colonies ; if we would deny ourselves the pleasure of walking
through these in the nesting season, it would certainly help to put the economic
value of oecidcntalis on the right side of the ledger.

19. Larus argentatus Pontoppidan

Herring Gull

Larus argentatns (1) Grinnell, Pasadena Acad. Sci., ii, 1898, p. 7. (2) Dawson, Condor,
XVII, 1915, p. 204.

Probably of regular occurrence in winter. On April 5, 1915, I noted two
adults of this species at San Clemente, and during the following week, one or
two were seen daily about the harbor. J. Grinnell (1) found that it was present
in small numbers at Catalina during December, 1897, and secured one specimen.
While at Santa Cruz Island in April, 1915, W. L. Dawson (2) saw two of these
birds at close range.

20. Larus californicus Lawrence

California Gull

Larus californicus (/) Grinnell, Pasadena Acad. Sci., i, 1897, p. 23. (2) Breninger, Auk,
XXI, 1904, p. 219. (3) Linton, Condor, x, 1908, p. 82. (//) Osburn, Condor, xi, 1909,
p. 136. (J) Willett, Pac. Coast Avif., 7, 1912, p. 14. {(>) Cooke, U. S. Dept. Agric,
Bull. 292, 1915, p. 41.

Undoubtedly commmon about all the islands during the winter months. C.
B. Linton (.5) says they were common at San Clemente during January and Feb-
ruary, 1907 ; and during the latter part of ^larcli and first of April, 1915, in the
same locality, D. R. Dickey, L. j\I. Huey and I noted them daily in company with
the Western Gulls. A. van Rossem saw several at Santa Cruz Island April 24,
1911, and C. B. Linton (MS) has taken speciemns there.

21. Larus delawarensis Ord

Ring-billed Gull
Larus delarcarensis (/) Howell and van Rossem, Condor, xiii, 1911, p. 209.

As on the mainland, this species is probably almost as common in winter as
the last, but in some plumages it is so difficult to distinguish between the two
that it is impossible to determine their relative abundance. I have seen a few in-
dividuals at Catalina in April, and during the same month, 1911, A. van Ros-
sem and 1 positively identified several at Santa Cruz Island.

28 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No. 12

22. Larus brachyrhynchus Richardson

Short-billed Gull

The only record for this species is that of three immature specimens taken
by A. van Rossem (MS) at Catalina, February 11, 1910, two of which are now
in my collection.

23. Larus heermanni Cassin

Heermann Gull

Blasipus belcheri {]) Cooper, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., iv, 1870, p. 79.

Larus heermanni (2) Baird, Brewer and Ridgway, "Water Birds N. Am., ii, 1884, p. 253.
(3) Blake, Auk, iv, 1887, p. 329. (.'/) Grinnell, Pasadena Acad. Sci., i, 1887, p. 24.
(.5) Grinnell and Daggett, Auk, xx, 1903, pp. 28, 80, 37. (6) Breninger, Auk, xxi,
1904, p. 219. (7) Mearns, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., lvi, 1907, p. 142. (8) Linton, Con-
dor, X, 1908, p. 82. (9) Linton, Condor, x, 1908, p. 12.5. (10) Willett, Condor, xii,
1910, p. 173. (11) Willett, Pac. Coast Avif., 7, 1912, p. 14. (/.?) Cooke, U. S. Dept.
Agric, Bull. 292, 1915, p. 49.

Larus heermannii (13) Streator, Proc. Sta. Barbara Soc. Nat. Hist., i, 1887. p. 22. (1J,)
Wright and Snyder, Condor, xv, 1913, p. 89.

Larus lieermani (15) Streator, Orn. & Ool., xiii, 1888, p. 54.

These birds are to be met with off the coast of southern California the year
round, but the majority leave for the south about March. During July, birds of
the year begin reaching us. Heermann (2) said that this gull breeds on the
Coronados, and J. G. Cooper, that it probably did so on other islands south of
San Francisco. As it is now pretty well proven that the species does not nest
on the seaward coast north of Cape San Lucas at least, there must have been mis-
takes in regard to the above statements.

The Heermann Gull as a rule is not as fond of coming close to shore as are
the other gulls, but prefers to stay out in the channel, where the usual method
of securing a meal is to haunt some patient pelican and wildly grab at any fisli
which the latter may capture. C. B. Linton (8) found that at Santa Cruz Isl-
and, during November and December, 1907, their principal food consisted of
shrimps which they caught in the kelp, and I have watched them catching sar-
dines two or three inches long.

24. Larus Philadelphia (Ord)

Bonaparte Gull
Larus Philadelphia (1) Howell and van Rossem, Condor, xni, 1911, p. 209.

Abundant during migrations along the mainland coast, but seldom Avander-
ing out to the islands. During the latter part of April, 1911, A. van Rossem and
I (1) noted several at Santa Cruz Island.

25. Xema sabini (J. Sabine)

Sabine Gull

Xema saUni (1) Willett, Pac. Coast Avif., 7, 1912, p. 15. (2) Wright, Condor, xv, 1913,
p. 227. (3) Grinnell, Pac. Coast Avif., 11, 1915, p. 23. (//) Cooke, U. S. Dept. Agric,
Bull. 292, 1915, p. 65.

1917 BIRDS OF THE SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ISLANDS 29

Probably a regular migrant in the channel well out from shore. H. Wright
(1) took a pair near Santa Cruz Island August 6, 1909, and a female near the
Coronados August 20, 1910. On August 11, 1912, he (5) saw a flock of eight or
ten birds about ten miles from Santa Cruz Island, and on August 1, another
flock between the latter and Santa Barbara Island. E. W. Nelson informs me
that he has also seen small flocks in the channel during the fall.

26. Sterna maxima Boddaert

Royal Tern

sterna regia {1) Henshaw, Rep. Wheeler Surv., 1876, p. 277.

Sterna maxima {2) Baird, Brewer and Ridgway, Water Birds N. Am., ii, 1884, p. 286.
(3) Blake, Auk, iv, 1887, p. 329. (//) Streator, Orn. & Ool., xiii, 1888, p. 54. (5)
Grinnell, Pasadena Acad. Sci., ii, 1898, p. 7. (C) Grinnell, Pac. Coast Avif., 3, 1902.
p. 13. (7) Bailey, Handb. Birds West. U. S., 2d ed., 1904, p. 29. (8) Linton, Condor,
X, 1908, p. 82. (9) Linton, Condor, x, 1908, p. 126.' {lu) Willett, Condor, xii, 1910,
p. 173. (ii) Willett, Pac. Coast Avif., 7, 1912, p. 15. (12) Grinnell, Pac. Coast
Avif., 11, 1915, p. 24.

Present among the islands throughout the year, but rather rare in spring.
I have seen several of these beautiful birds in the vicinity of the Coronados dur-
ing the early summer. C. B. Linton {11) noted a few near San Nicolas June 17,
1910, where C, P. Streator (4) also saw them in the fall of 1886. Linton (S)
also reported the species as very common during Octoljer, December and Janu-
ary, 1907, at San Clemente, but few were seen after February 5. J. Grinnell (5)
found it numerous in the vicinity of Catalina during the winter, and I have noted
a lew individuals there in April. E. W. Blake (,5) recorded it from Santa Cruz
Island in July and August, and C. B. Linton (5) says it was common there dur-
ing November and December, 1907.

H. W. Henshaw (i) was informed that the species bred in numbers on San
Miguel, but it seems unlikely that it has done so in recent years at least, as sev-
eral have made special searches for nests there. G. Willett {10), however, saw
several immature birds near the west end of the island June 17, 1910.

27. Sterna forsteri Nuttall

FoRSTER Tern
Sterna forsteri (1) Grinnell and Daggett, Auk, xx, 1903, pp. 32, 37.

Reported only in spring and summer, but doubtless occurring spar-
ingly in the fall and winter' as well. Several were seen by J. Grinnell and F. S.
Daggett (i) while approaching the Coronados, August 6, 1902, and I have noted
an occasional bird the early part of July in the same locality. I also several
tiiaes saw what I believe was the same individual near Catalina in April, 1907. I
have included the above records under Sterna forsteri simply because the first
were so reported, and I have added my own observation to it because forsteri is
the commoner form in the region. Recent investigations have shown that 8. hi-
rundo is almost as common off the coast of southern California as is forsteri,
and the individuals seen may have been of either species. Undoubtedly both do
occur near the islands at times.

30 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No. 12

28. Diomedea nigripes Audubon

Black-footed Albatross
Diomedea nigripes (1) Grinnell, Pasadena Acad. Sci., i, 1897, p. 24.

Rather rare straggler to the channel from the open sea. J. Grinnell (1)
saw a single specimen between San Nicolas and San Clemente islands May 27,
1897, and another between the latter and Catalina June 8 of the same year. He
(MS) also noted several between Catalina and Santa Barbara islands August
27, 1903.

29. Diomedea albatrus Pallas

Short-tailed Albatross

Diomedea hrachyura (1) Cooper, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., iv, 1870, p. 79.

Diomedea albatrus (2) Baird, Brewer and Ridgway, Water Birds N. Am., ii, 1884, p. 354.

(3) Grinnell, Pasadena Acad. Sci., ii, 1898, p. 8. (//) Willett, Pac. Coast Avif., 7,

1912, p. 17.
Diomedea alhatros (5) Streator, Orn. & Ool., xiii, 1888, p. 54.

Probably slightly more numerous in the channel than is the last mentioned
species. J. G. Cooper (1) says that these birds occur near San Clemente and San
Nicolas, and C. P. Streator (5) saw quite a number between the latter point and
the mainland. C. B. Linton (i) has the head of one that was taken alive by his
cook on San Nicolas Island, and Dr. J. G. Cooper told Grinnell {3) that he had
taken the species near Catalina.

30. Fulmarus g-lacialis g-lupischa Stejneger

Pacific Fulmar

Fulmarius glacialis glupischa (1) Grinnell, Pasadena Acad. Sci., ii, 1898, p. 8.
Fulmarus glacialis glupischa (2) Linton, Condor, x, 1908, p. 82. (S) Linton, Condor, x,
1908, p. 126. (4) Willett, Pac. Coast Avif., 7, 1912, p. 17.

Abundant at sea during certain times of the year. C. B. Linton (3) says
that he has often seen these birds during the winter, while going from the main-
land to San Clemente, but that he noted none near shore. J. Grinnell (1) found
them very common about Catalina in December, 1897, and on April 27, 1908, I
found the decomposed remains of one in the same locality. C. B. Linton and G.
Willett (3) took several in the dark phase, and one in the light pliase of plum-
age, near the shores of Santa Cruz Island, November 25 and December 4, 1907.
Tliey also saw the species in the vicinity of Anacapa about the same time.

Occasionally during the winter these birds flock to the fishing banks sixty
miles off San Pedro, by the thousands. They are then usually very tame, com-
ing right up to the boats, and endeavoring to snatch fish as they are hauled
aboard. The men often catch them in their hands to watch the stupid actions of
the ])irds wlien placed on deck.

31. Puffinus creatopus Coues

Pink-footed Shearwater

Puffinus creatopus {]) Coues, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., xvi, 1864, p. 131. (2) Cooper.

1917 BIRDS OF THE SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ISLANDS 31

Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., iv, 1868, p. 11. (3) Cooper, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., iv, 1870, p.
79. (.'/) Baird, Brewer and Ridgway, Water Birds N. Am., ii, 1884, p. 384. (.5) Grin-
nell, Pasadena Acad. Sci., i, 1897, p. 24. (6) Grinnell, Pasadena Acad. Sci., ii, 1898,
p. 8. (7) Godman, Monog. Petrels, ii, 1908, p. 101. (<S) Willett, Condor, xii, 1910, p.
173. (9) Willett, Pac. Coast Avif., 7, 1912, p. 18. (10) Wright and Snyder, Condor,
XV, 1913, p. 89.

Abundant during summer, fall, and the first part of the winter. Originally
described from a bird taken by J. G. Cooper (1) near San Nicolas Island. Coop-
er (-i) found it to be the most abundant and easily approached species of Tubi-
nares near San Nicolas, where the water is shallow and small fish numerous. 1
have seen individuals around the Coronados during the months of June and
July; and L. M. Huey (MS) saw a few in the same locality on August 13, 1914.
H. A. Gaylord (6) noted birds near Catalina May 12, 1897. A. van Rossem and
1 met with the species the last of April and first of ^fay, 1911, near Santa Cru/
Island. G. Willett (S) recorded it from Santa Cruz and Santa Rosa, June 7,
1910, where, by the 24th it had liecome quite plentiful, and the same writer {9)
encountered it near Anacapa and Santa Cruz in November and December, 1907.

32. Puffinus opisthomelas Coues

Black-vented Shearwater

Puffinus oinsthomelas (1) Anthony, Auk, xiii, 1896, p. 225. (:i) Grinnell, Pasadena Acad.
Sci., I, 1897, p. 24. (3) Grinnell, Pasadena Acad. Sci., ii, 1898, p. 8. (.'/) Anthony,
Auk, XVII, 1900, p. 247. (.;) Grinnell, Pac. Coast Avif., 3, 1902, p. 15. (6) Bailey,
Handb. Birds West. U. S., 2d ed., 1904, p. 35. (7) Godman, Monog. Petrels, ii, 1908,
p. 109. (S) Linton, Condor, x, 1908, p. 126. (S) Osburn, Condor, xi, 1909, p. 136.
(lU) Linton, Condor, xi, 1909, p. 193. (11) Howell, Condor, xii, 1910, p. 186. (12)
Willett, Pac. Coast Avif., 7, 1912, p. 18. (i3) Grinnell, Pac. Coast Avif., 11, 1915, p. 26.

Puffinus gavia (1-)) Breninger, Auk, xxi, 1904, p. 219.

Abundant except in the breeding season, sometimes making its appearance
in early May, but not becoming plentiful until some time later. Remains until
February at least. During July, August and September these birds are partic-
ularly abundant in the channel. I noted half a dozen individuals several times
during the middle of May, 1910, near the Coronados {11), and J. Grinnell {2)
saw several off Catalina May 12, 1897. C. B. Linton {10) saw the species near
San Clemente in the winter of 1908, and G. Willett {12) encountered it several
times near Santa Cruz Island in Noveml)er, 1907.

As has been stated in print many times, there are four eggs that were said
to be of this species, in the National iMuseum, collected by Captain Scammon on
Santa Barbara Island. As most of us on this coast have viewed the above rec-
ord with considerable distrust, I wrote Dr. C. W. Richmond in regard to it, elic-
iting the following: "The eggs are in all probability those of Cassin's Auklet
{Ft. aleuticus) with which they agree in size and texture of shell. They had
written on them, in pencil, 'Egg of the Mutton Bird, Santa Barbara Id. Cal. '
From this beginning someone had added (on the data blank) 'Puffinus gavia f,
and as the eggs of Puffinus were not common in our collection at that time, the
determination passed muster for the time being". This undoubtedly solves the
question. Opisthomelas nests in large colonies, and as it does not invariably

32 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No. 12

nest on the same island in consecutive years, there is still hope that it may some
time be found breeding at least as far north as the Coronados.

33. Puffinus griseus (Gmelin)

Sooty Shearwater

Nectris fuliginosus (1) Cooper, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., iv, 1870, p. 79.

Puffinus griseus (2) Grinnell, Pasadena Acad. Sci., i, 1897, p. 24. (3) Oberholser, Proc.
U. S. Nat. Mus., XXII, 1900, p. 229. (//) Linton, Condor, x, 1908, p. 126. (J) Linton,
Condor, xi, 1909, p. 193. (6) Willett, Condor, xii, 1910, pp. 170, 174. (7) Willett,
Pac. Coast Avif., 7, 1912, p. 18. (S) Wright and Snyder, Condor, xv, 1913, p. 89.

This, our commonest shearwater, is found in the channel throughout the
year, but is less common during the winter months. It often occurs in company
with creatopus and more rarely with opisthomelas. In late spring and early
summer Sooty Shearwaters migrate through the channel in flocks numbering
tens of thousands, these sometimes taking the greater part of a day to pass a
given point.

34. Oceanodroma kaedingi Anthony

Kaeding Petrel
Oceanodroma kaedingi (i) Willett, Pac. Coast Avif., 7, 1912, p. 19.

The only record for this species is that of an adult male which flew aboard
the Fisheries ship "Albatross" near San Clemente Island, March 22, 1904, and
was captured by L. H. Miller {1). I am told by the fishermen that at certain
times during the winter, small petrels will congregate on the fishing banks in
great flocks. As Anthony described this bird from Lower California, and as it
breeds to the north of us, it undoubtedly migrates past the islands.

35. Oceanodroma melania (Bonaparte)

Black Petrel

Oceanodroma townsendi (1) Anthony, Auk, xi, 1894, p. 231. (2) A. O. U. Committee,
Auk, XII, 1895, p. 168.

Oceanodroma melania (3) Grinnell, Pasadena Acad. Sci., i, 1897, p. 25. (//) Anthony,
Auk, XV, 1898, p. 140. (5) Grinnell, Pac. Coast Avif., 3, 1902, p. 16. (G) Brewster,
Birds Cape Region Lower Calif., 1902, p. 32. (7) Grinnell and Daggett, Auk, xx, 1903,
pp. 30, 37. (<S') Godman, Monog. Petrels, i, 1907, p. 24. (.9) Linton, Condor, x, 1908,
p. 82. (10) Linton, Condor, x, 1908, p. 126. {11} Willett, Condor, xii, 1910, p. 174.
(12) A. O. U. Check-list, 3d ed., 1910, p. 57. {13} Osburn, Condor, xiii, 1911, p. 31.
iU) Willett, Pac. Coast Avif., 7, 1912, p. 19. (15) van Rossem, Condor, xvii, 1915,
p. 76. (16) Grinnell, Pac. Coast Avif., 11, 1915, p. 29.

OlceanodromaJ. melania (i7) Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 5th ed., 1903, p. 1043.

Black Petrel (18) Willett, Condor, xii, 1910, p. 170.

Breeds on Los Coronados Islands. Fairly common in the channel through-
out the year. Under the heading of this species J. Grinnell (5) states that small
petrels of some kind were heard at night on the east end of San Nicolas, and at
Mosquito Harbor at San Clemente, in May, 1897. In the channel between Cle-
mente and Anacapa the species has been recorded commonly, but near none of

1917 BIRDS OF THE SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ISLANDS 33

the intervening islands. Near Anaeapa G. Willett (18) found it common June
5, 1910; and H. Wright (Condor, xv, 1913, pp. 87, 90) noted the remains of either
a Bhick or Socori-o Petrel on the island itself, July 5, 1912. It is likely, however,
that this was a bird caught at sea by a Duck Hawk, and, when partly eaten,
dropped on the island.

A. W. Anthony (4) visited the Coronados April 21, 1896, and found that
melania was then mating and hunting nesting sites. He gives their notes as
"Tuc-a-roo, tuc-tuc-a-roo", which is a very good rendition of their call. When
D. R. Dickey (MS) visited the islands May 15, 1914, no petrels were observed,
although the colonies were gone over most carefully by three people. On May 26
a few pairs were found together on the nests, but no eggs had been laid ; on June
12, fresh eggs were the rule. ]\Iy first fresh egg in 1910 was found June 17, but
on the same date in 1918, A. van Rossem and I found that incubaation was
slightly more advanced. The earliest date that I have seen downy young was
July 4. On August 13, 1914, A. van Rossem and L. M. Huey (MS) say that
all the young birds were small, not more than a week old and most of them newly
hatched. One fresh egg was discovered besides several incubated ones.

These birds do not nest in colonies but are apt to be scattered anywhere
about the islands. Where especially favorable sites occur, however, several nests
may be within a few feet of each other. The best place to look for eggs is under
or between good sized boulders. Here a little dirt may be scratched away at the
entrance of the nest cavity in order to make room. From over a hundred nests
examined 1 have found only half a dozen occupying true burrows that may have
been excavated by the birds themselves, but as these were all in a colony of 0.
socorroensis, I prefer to believe that they were originally made by the latter, and
later preempted by melania. As many more were in very old burrows of the
Cassin Auklet. For a short time after completing the nest site, and before the
egg is deposited, both birds of a pair will be found occupying the burrow during
the day, but after laying, only one parent, either male or female, will be found
at home. No structural material is used, the egg being. laid on the bare ground.
It is usually pure white, but rarely there is a suspicion of a lavender wreath
about the larger end. I find that the average measurements of thirty-six speci-
mens are 1.39x1.02 inches. Extremes are 1.28 to 1.48 in length, and .96 to 1.08
in diameter. D. R. Dickey and A. van Rossem (3IS) state that the bird, while at
or on the nest during the night, utters a note suggestive of the song of the wren-
tit.

The young are covered, except the chin, with slaty down, and are most un-
attractive little things. This down clings to the end of the plmnage until after
the body feathers at least have made their full growth. Nine times out of ten,
when removed from the nest, the old bird will vomit a short stream of dark, or-
ange colored oil, several times repeated, to a distance of four feet or more. She
will savagely bite the finger of her captor and will even lay hold of her own wing
in her rage. The oil has the typical petrel pungence, comparable to no other
odor with which I am familiar, but to those who have spent happy days in the
colonies, it is not unpleasant. It will cling to specimens after they have been
shut up in cases for years. This oil, by regurgitation, constitutes the food of the

34 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No. 12

nestlings. It is generally conceded that the young of tlie rock lobster is the main
food supply of all our small California petrels, as A. W. Anthony (4) has
pointed out. From these the oil in the stomach must be secreted, and quite rap-
idly at that, for birds taken early in the morning after a night at sea contain
much oil and only a recognizable trace of the crawfish, in addition to a very lit-
tle green slime. The oil gland of this species is a dark gray in contrast to the
creamy color of that of socorroensis.

One often encounters lone individuals of these birds at sea during the day,
flapping just above the waves in an aimless and erratic manner. A. W. Anthony
{!), however, secured one from a flock of some two hundred birds. They suffer
considerably from the depredations of the Duck Hawks, as their dessicated re-
mains upon the islands bear mute witness. They begin visiting the nests about
8 -M p. M. and are very active until shortly before dawn. Pitching in from the
sea they come like big black bats, rocking to the breeze and uttering their loud
weird call.

36. Oceanodroma homochroa (Coues)

Ashy Petrel

Cymochorea Jwmochroa (1) Henshaw, Rep. Wheeler Surv., 1876, p. 277. (2) Baird,
Brewer and Ridgway, Water Birds N. Am., ii, 1884, p. 412.

Oceanodroma homochroa (3) Salvin, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxv, 1896, p. 356. (4) Grinnell,
Pac. Coast Avif., 3, 1902, p. 16. (J) Reed, N. Am. Birds' Eggs, 1904, p. 54. (6) God-
man, Monog. Petrels, i, 1907, p. 29. (7) A. O. U. Check-list, 3d ed., 1910, p. 57. (8)
Willett, Pac. Coast Avif., 7, 1912, p. 19. (9) Wright and Snyder, Condor, xv, 1913,
p. 88. ilU) Wright, Condor, xv, 1913, p. 229. (11) Grinnell, Pac. Coast Avif,, 11,
1915, p. 28.

Olceanoclroma]. hoviochroa (12) Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 5th ed., 1903, p. 1043.

Fairly common in the channel at certain times. Breeds on Santa Cruz, and
possibly on San Miguel. G. Willett (8) found this species to be plentiful in the
channel between San Nicolas and Santa Barbara islands in June, 1911, and L. H.
Miller has an adult female that he took near the latter place April 10, 1904.

H. Wright (9) discovered them nesting in Painted Cave, Santa Cruz Island,
July 10, 1912. Four eggs and one small young were all that he found, deposited
on the bare exposed ledges in the dark parts of the cave. On June 23, 1913, D. R.
Dickey (MS) visited this locality and found that apparently but one pair were
nesting, for after a very thorough search, a single bird was located sitting on a
slightly incubated egg high above the water, in one of the side pockets of the big
cave.

H. W. Henshaw (1) received from Capt. Forney a specimen that was taken
on San Miguel, where the latter said that it bred in great numbers. G. Willett
(8) as well as others have made a careful search of this island without finding
indications of breeding petrels. It is quite possible that a few pairs may breed
in the caves of the main island, or on Prince Islet, but it is doubtful if the foxes
would allow any large colonies of small pelagic birds to become established on
San Miguel proper.

1917 BIRDS OF THE SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ISLANDS 35

37. Oceanodroma socorroensis C. H. Townsend

Socorro Petrel

Oceanodroma socorroensis (1) Townsend, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xiii, 1890, p. 134. (2)
Anthony, Auk, xii, 1895, p. 387. (3) A. O. U. Committee, Auk, xiv, 1897, p. 117. (Ji)
Anthony, Auk, xv, 1898, p. 140. (5) Davie, Nests & Eggs N. Am. Birds, 5th ed., 1898,
p. 58. (6) Grinnell, Pac. Coast Avif., 3, 1902, p. 16. (7) Grinnell and Daggett, Auk,
XX, 1903, pp. 31, 37. (.S) Reed, N. Am. Birds' Eggs, 1904, p. 54. (.9) Osburn, Condor,
XIII, 1911, p. 31. (12) Willett, Pac. Coast Avif., 7, 1912, p. 20. (13) van Rossem,
Condor, xvii, 1915, p. 76. (/-'/) Grinnell, Pac. Coast Avif., 11, 1915, p. 28.

Olceanodroma], socorroensis (lo) Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 5th ed., 1903, p. 1044.

Oceanodroma monorhis (1(>) Godman, Monog. Petrels, i, 1907, p. 33.

l^reeds commonly on the smallest island of Los Coronados group. A. W. Au-
tliony (i) says that on the Coronados, April 24, 1896, he found a number of
nearly finished burrows and one bird. June 12, 1914, D. R. Dickey (MS) found
several pairs of birds but no eggs. It will therefore be seen that socorroensis be-
gins preparing the burrows nearly two months before laying. This species breeds
only in burrows which are excavated by the birds themselves, and for this rea-
son, to be looked for only where there is a deposit of light loam, sometimes over-
grown with a dense mat of bushes. The tunnels are usually al)Out two feet long,
enlarged at the end. In the majority of cases they turn either to the right or
left a few inches from the entrance, which latter seems unusually small foi' the
size of the bird and is more than twice as wide as high. Occasionally the egg is
laid on the bare ground, but usually there is a flimsy platform of any bits of
twigs and rootlets that may be handy. The egg has a wreath of faint lavender
dots and tracings about the larger end. The average measurement of forty-two
which I have had in my possession, is 1.18x.89 inches, and the extremes are 1.09
to 1.23 in length, and .82 to .97 in diameter. I believe that the nesting dates of
the Black and Socorro petrels will run about the same. In 1910 I did not find an
egg of the latter until June 22, while those of the former were taken a week pre-
vious. In 1913 A. van Rossem and I found the opposite to hold good, for during
the latter half of June slightly incubated eggs of socorroensis was the rule, while
those of melania were still fresh.

Unlike their larger relative, Socorro Petrels but rarely vomit oil when re-
moved from the nest, but will often do so immediately after liaving been released
from the hand. This oil is substantially the same as that secreted by melania,
but sometimes contains flakes of whitish mucous matter, in addition to a little
green slime and a tiny rock lobster or two. Some birds taken by A. van Rossem
(MS) in 1914, contained what appeared to be young squid about an inch long.
In the hand one is impressed by the frailty and apparent weakness of these birds.
When released they launch forth in an uncertain manner, twisting and turning
in their nighthawk-like flight. If placed upon the ground they poke confusedly
about among the bushes.

F. Godman {16) considers this species and Oceniiodronia monorhis of the
western Pacific, to be indistinguishable, although the type of the latter is of a
lighter gray on the head and throat than is the former. Dr. Hartert {MS) of

36 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No. 12

the Tring Museum tells me that in addition to the above differences, monorhis
averages larger than socorroensis, and that he considers the two species not
quite the same. As for the light gray or plumbeous shade of the head of our
bird, and presumably the other, this should not be taken as a specific character.
In freshly taken breeding birds it is very noticeable, but after the skin is laid
away in a cabinet for a year or two, the head becomes as dark as the rest of the
body.

As is well know^n, this species has two extreme color phases. In one the
rump is of the same color as the back and underparts, while in the other, the
rump is almost entirely white. One of the latter was described under the name
Oceanodroma monorhis chapmani (Berlepsch, Auk, xxin, 1906, p. 185). Every
degree of intergradation occurs between the two types. I have studied this out
MS thorouglily as possible and although I have been unable to reach any positive
conclusion in regard to the significance of this variation, I shall give the facts
as they appear to me in order that they may form the basis from which others
may work in the future.

I judge that wh'en, in a given species, there are two distinct phases with
every degree of intergradation between, this species is in process of evolution
from one type to the other. Thus socorroensis was originally either a dark-
rumped or a white-rumped race, and is now evolving to the other extreme. Birds
collected in 1902 by ¥. S. Daggett show a ratio of white- to dark-rumped birds of
1 to 9. In 1910 I found the proportion of those which I took on the Coronados
was in the neighborhood of 1 to 5, while in 1913 the ratio was not far from 1 to
21/2. However, A. van Rossem {13) and L. M. Huey found that on August 13,
1914, the ratio had gone back to about 1 to 4. J. Grinnell and F. S. Daggett (7)
seem to think that these petrels are descended from a wide-spread, white-rumped
ancestor, and of course this may be true ; but from the averages taken daring the
first part of three nesting seasons, it will be seen that the proportion of light-
rumped birds is quite rapidly increasing, and it seems reasonable to conclude that
in a relatively short time, a dark-rumped specimen of socorroensis will be rare.

Another possible, though improbable, explanation of the occurrence of the
two types, is that two species, a white- and a dark-rumped one, have bred together
and hybridized too recently for the characters of the resulting hybrid to have
become thoroughly fixed. If this was the case, the birds of one of the extreme
phases should closely approach some other species, which, as far as I am aware, it
does not do. Also the two phases occur among the breeding birds of both the
Coronados and San Benito islands, and it does not appear likely that the cross-
ing of two species would occur upon the two islands simultaneously.

In order to discover whether there is any size difference between the two
phases, I measured a series of a hundred and forty-three birds collected by D. R.
Dickey, A. van Rossem, F. S. Daggett and myself. I divided the birds into four
groups according to the amount of white exhibited, calling them dark, medium,
light and white. The number of birds in each group was, respectively, 45, 46, 19
and 24. Measurements of the extremes, dark and white, show^ that the former
is slightly greater in length (taken only of birds in the flesh) wing, tail, bill, tar-
sus, middle toe and fork of tail. This held good also in comparative group meas-

1917 BIRDS OF THE SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ISLANDS 37

nrenicnts of males and females. The greatest difference was shown in the length
of wing of the dark and the white males, which varied 4 millimeters. There were
69 males and 65 females. Comparison showed that the greater wing coverts (the
light patch) of the white-nimped birds are of a more grayish tinge and a lighter
shade than are those of the dark-nimped, and in the former the tliroat is more
])lnnilieons than in specimens of the latter collected at the same time. In short,
the differences seem ])i-onounced enough to warrant recognizing a subspecies, if
it was not for the vital fact that the two extreme types may repeatedly be found
togetlier in the burrows before the egg is deposited. This precludes the possibil-
ity of a valid subspecies.

38. Phalacrocorax auritus albociliatus Ridgway

Farallon Cormorant

Graculus dilopluis (1) Cooper, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., iv, 1870, p. 79. (2) Hemshaw, Rep.
Wheeler Surv., 1876, p. 275.

Phalacrocorax dilophus albociliatus {S) Baird, Brewer and Ridgway, Water Birds N. Am.
II, 1884, p. 153. (//) Streator, Orn. & Ool. xiii, 1888, p. 54. (.J) Grinnell, Pasadena
Acad. Sci., i, 1897, p. 25. (6) Grinnell, Pasadena Acad. Sci., 11, 1898, p. 9. (7)
Mearns, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., lvi, 1907, p. 141. (8) Linton, Condor, x, 1908, p. 126.

Phalacrocorax dilophus (.0) Streator, Proc. Sta. Barbara Soc. Nat. Hist., i, 1887, p. 23.

Farallon Cormorant (JD) Beck, Bull. Cooper Orn. Club, i, 1899, p. 85. (//) Willett, Con-
dor, XII, 1910, p. 170.

Phalacrocorax auriUis albociliatus (12) Grinnell, Pac. Coast Avif., 3, 1902, p. 16. (13)

Grinnell and Daggett, Auk, xx, 1903, pp. 32, 37. (14) Linton, Condor, x, 1908, p. 82.

, (^.5) Wright, Condor, xi, 1909, p. 99. (16) Osburn, Condor, xi, 1909, p. 136. (17)

Willett, Pac. Coast Avif., 7, 1912, p. 20. (7,S) Wright and Snyder, Condor, xv, 1913,

p. 90. (19) Grinnell, Pac. Coast Avif., 11, 1915, p. 29.

Phalacrocorax a[uritus'\. albociliatus (20) Willett, Condor, xii, 1910, ]). 173.

Common resident, breeding on most of the islands. This species is an abun-
dant breeder on the Coronados, the principal colonies being located on north isl-
and. In the spring of 1897, J. Grinnell (5) noted immature birds commonly at
San Nicolas, but none were found breeding. At San Clemente C. B. Linton (14)
recorded the species as fairly common during the winter months, a flock of some
two hundred birds being seen February 5, 1907.

I have found a few old nests, too early in the season for eggs, among those
of the Brandt Cormorant, on Ship Rock, near Catalina. This is the only time
that I have ever noted nests of the two species within a few feet of each other.
Large numbers breed on Santa Barbara Island, where, towards the latter part
of April, they begin coming in from the sea, to select and start repairing the old
nests. J. Grinnell (5) notes, however, that on May 15, 1907, only two sets of
eggs had as yet been laid. D. R. Dickey (MS) states that there were quite a
number lireeding on Anacapa in 1918, and H. Wright (18) found a few pairs
with newly completed nests there as late as July 5, 1912. R. H. Beck (10) says
that in 1895 there were birds breeding on a rock near Scorpion Harbor, Santa
Cruz Island; and on Prince Islet, San IMiguel, G. AVillett (:20) recorded quite a
large colony with nearly full grown young and eggs in various stages. June 15,
1910.

,38 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No. 12

The nests of alhociliatiis can always he told at a glance from tliose of the
two following species. They are quite bulky and well made, and are invariably
formed of weed stems, small sticks, or whatever similar material is handy. They
are always placed (on these islands) on the ground, usually on a liigh hillside.
Although breeding in colonies, these are seldom compact ones, and where a peli-
can colony is available, they prefer to build among tlie nests of the latter. Three,
more rarely four, and occasionally five, eggs are laid, but because of the depre-
dations of the gulls the breeding season is a long one. In addition, the time when
eggs are deposited would seem to vary greatly from year to year (as is the case
with our other cormorants as well), for A. van Rossem {MS) took a set of five
eggs on the Coronados March 26, 1909, while J. Grinnell and F. S. Daggett (:/.?)
found two nests with eggs, and several containing small young, in the same local-
ity, August 7, 1902.

89. Phalacrocorax penicillatus (Brandt)

Brandt Cormorant

Oraculus penicillatus (1) Cooper, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., iv, 1870, p. 79. (2) Henshaw,
Rep. Wheeler Surv., 1876, p. 276.

Phalacrocorax penicillatus {3) Baird, Brewer and Ridgway, Water Birds, N. Am., ii, 1884,
p. 159. (//) Streator, Proc. Sta. Barbara Soc. Nat. Hist., i, 1887, p. 23. (7) Blake,
Auk, IV, 1887, p. 329. (6) Streator, Orn. & Ool., xiii, 1888, p. 54. (7) Grinnell, Pasa-
dena Acad. Sol., I, 1897, p. 25. (8) Grinnell, Pasadena Acad. Sci., ii, 1898, p. 9. (.9)
Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxvi, 1898, p. 364. (10) Grinnell, Pac. Coast
Avif., 3, 1902, p. 16. (11) Brewster. Birds Cape Region Lower Calif., 1902, p. 37.
(12) Grinnell and Daggett, Auk, xx, 1903, pp. 32, 37. (13) Breninger, Auk, xxi, 1904,
p. 219. (1.',) Mearns, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., lvi, 1907, p. 141. (lo) Linton, Condor, x,
1908, p. 82. (16) Linton, Condor, x, 1908, p. 126. (/7) Wright, Condor, xi, 1909, p.
99. (;>S) Osburn, Condor, xi, 1909, p. 136. (19) Willett, Condor, xii, 1910, p. 173.
(20) Osburn, Condor, xiii, 1911, p. 32. (21) Willett, Pac. Coast, Avif., 7, 1912, p. 20.
(22) Wright and Snyder, Condor, xv, 1913, pp. 86, 90. (23) Grinnell, Pac. Coast
Avif., 11, 1915, p. 30.

This, our commonest species of the genus, is to be found about the shores
of all the islands and the adjacent mainland, breeding on or near all the islands
that have suitable rocky promontories. There are perhaps a dozen colonies of
these birds on the Coronados, distributed over all four of the islands. J. Glrin-
nell and F. S. Daggett (12) found that they had completed nesting operations
for the year there by August 7, 1902.

C. B. Linton (15) noted immense flocks on San Clemente during January
and February, 1907. These flew back and forth daily, between their roosts on
the northwest coast and the feeding grounds, and I observed the same thing there
the first part of April, 1915. Linton took specimens in breeding plumage in Feb-
ruary and IMarch, and reported the species as breeding in small numbers on the
northwest coast of the island.

J. Grinnell (7) states that there is a small colony on the north side of San
Nicolas Island, and C. B. Linton (21) saw incomplete sets there April 3, 1910.
They breed in limited numbers on several large detached rocks near Catalina.
There are large rookeri(^s on Snnta Barbara Island, where T found fresh eggs

1917 BIRDS OF THE SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ISLANDS 39

^lay 1, 1908. H. Wright (32) records a few pairs nesting on the cliffs of Ana-
capa, July 5, 1912. At Santa Cruz Island a small number nest near Scorpion
Harbor, and they probably ])reed on or near Santa Rosa Island, but as there
has been so little work done in this locality, this is merely a supposition on my
part. On Prince Islet. San Miguel, G. Willett (7.9) found several large rooker-
ies. In tlie morning of June 15, 1910, he passed a colony of about a hundred
nests with eggs, but in the afternoon the gulls had left not a dozen eggs. He
took a set of six there.

I believe that as a rule these birds begin nesting slightly in advance of the
Farallon Cormorant. The nest is a rather compact but not bulky affair of sea
weed, and is always placed in colonies on a low cliff or shelf of rock, from fif-
teen to a hundred or more feet above the water. From three to five eggs, and
very rarely six, constitute a full set. At the approach of an intruder the young
exhibit great stupidity, the half grown ones unconcernedly walking off a higli
ledge to fall on the rocks below, mortally disabled. During the winter they Avill
often gather in flocks numbering thousands of individuals, to roost at night in
some favorite spot, dispersing in the morning in quest of food. I have seen an
incredible number in the early morning leaving a sand flat on which they had
spent the night.

40. Phalacrocorax pelagicus resplendens Audubon

Baird Cormorant

GracuJus violaceus var. hairdi (/) Cooper, Proc. Calif. Acad. Scl., tv, 1870, p. 79.

Phalacrocorax pelagictis resplendens (2) Baird, Brewer and Ridgway, Water Birds N.
Am., II, 1884, p. 162. (3) Blake, Auk, iv, 1887, p. 329. (/,) Streator, Orn. & Ool.,
XIII, 1888, p. 54. (.J) Grinnell, Pasadena Acad. Scl., i, 1897, p. 26. (6) Grinnell, Pas-
adena Acad. Sci., ii, 1898, p. 9. (7) Grinnell, Pac. Coast Avif., 3, 1902, p. 16. (S)
Linton, Condor, x, 1908, p. 83. (9) Linton, Condor, x, 1908, p. 126. (10) Osburn,
Condor, xi, 1909, p. 137. (11) Willett, Pac. Coast Avif.. 7, 1912, p. 20. (12) Wright
and Snyder, Condor, xv, 1913, pp. 87, 90. (13) Grinnell, Pac. Coast Avif., 11, 1915,
p. 30.

Phalacrocorax violaceus (/'/) Streator, Proc. Sta. Barbara Soc. Nat. Hist., i, 1887, p. 23.

Phalacrocorax pelagicus (lo) Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxvi, 1898, p. 362.

Baird Cormorant (16) Beck, Bull. Cooper Orn. Club, i, 1899, p. 85. (/7) Willett, Condor,
XII, 1910, pp. 170, 172.

Plhalacrocorax]. pelagicus resplendens (18) Breninger, Auk, xxi, 1904, p. 219.

Phalacrocorax resplendens (19) Willett, Condor, xii, 1910, p. 173.

Fairly plentiful resident among the islands, thougli not nearly as numerous
as the last two forms. Rather rare in the southern part of the territory covered
by this paper, but increasing in numbers towards the northern part. H. "W. Hen- •
shaw (2) found them congregated in great numbers on the channel islands in the
early days, but since that time they must have decreased, for at present I do
not think that anyone could describe their numerical standing in such words.

I know of one rookery on the Coronados of perhaps a dozen scattered nests,
and there may be others. C. B. Linton (8) records seeing a few pairs in breed-
ing plumage near Mosquito Harbor, San Clemente, daring ]\Iarch, 1907. Near
a large detached rock off the southwest end of the same island. D. R. Dickey and

40 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No. 12

L. ^I. Iluey saw several tlie last of ]\Iareh, 1915. I think it doubtful if the spe-
cies breeds at Catalina, at least on the east side. J. Grinnell (5) found small
numl)ers nesting on Santa Barbara Island in the spring of 1897, with but two or
three nests in any one group. H. Wright (1:2) noted several small colonies above
the entrance to the caves on Anacapa, July 6, 1912, and says that the birds were
very shy indeed. R. IT. Beck (16) recorded the species as breeding on the rock
at Scorpion Harbor, Santa Cruz Island, in 1895, and C. B. Linton (9) saw both
adiTlts and birds of the year in the same locality during November and December,
1907. G. Willett (19) found them breeding commonly on the cliffs of San Mig-
uel, elune 19, 1910, some of the nests held young, but in most of them were eggs,
a few of which proved to be fresh.

Nests of this cormorant are a good deal like those of the last as to construc-
tion, but are notable for the fact that they are just about inaccessible, being built
in the niches of cliffs above the sea. The birds seem to stay in the open sea more
than either of the two foregoing, and I have been informed that they bring up
sea weed where there is none to be had within a hundred and sixty feet of the
surface, so they are unusually expert divers.

41. Pelecanus calif ornicus Ridgway

California Brown Pelican

Pelecanus fuscus (/) Cooper, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., iv, 1870, p. 79. (?) Henshaw, Rep.
Wheeler Surv., 1876, p. 275.

Pelecanus [fuscusf] californicus (S) Baird, Brewer and Ridgway, Water Birds N. Am.,
II, 1884, pp. 143 (140-2).

Pelecanus californicus ('/) Blake, Auk, iv, 1887, p. 329. (■'>) Streator, Orn. & Ool., xiii,
1888, p. 54. (6) Anthony, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., 2d series, ii, 1889, p. 85. (7) Grinnell,
Pasadena Acad. Sci., i, 1897, p. 26. (.s') Grinnell, Pasadena Acad. Sci., ii, 1898, p. 9.
(.9) Grinnell, Pac. Coast Avif., 3, 1902, p. 16. (10) Brewster, Birds Cape Region
Lower Calif., 1902, p. 38. (//) Grinnell and Daggett, Auk, xx, 1903, pp. 32, 37. (12)
Breninger, Auk, xxi, 1904, p. 219. (13) Reed, N. Am. Birds' Eggs, 1904, p. 67. (///)
Linton, Condor, x, 1908, p. 83. (15) Linton, Condor, x, 1908, p. 126. (16) Wright,
Condor, xi, 1909, p. 99. (/7) Osburn, Condor, xi, 1909, p. 136. (18) Willett, Condor,
XII, 1910, pp. 171, 173. (W) Burt, Condor, xiii, 1911, p. 166. (.2^) Willett, Pac. Coast
Avif., 7, 1912, p. 21. (21) Wright and Snyder, Condor, xv, 1913, pp. 86, 90. (22)
Grinnell, Pac. Coast Avif., 11, 1915, p. 31.

Brown Pelican (.?;?) Holder, Museum, v, 1899, p. 71.

Pelican (2.',) Peyton, Oologist, xxx, 1913, p. 78.

Abundant resident throughout the region, but breeding on only a few isl-
ands. A large colony nests on the south end of the south island of the Coro-
nados group, and another on north island. June 14, 1911, G. Willett (20) found
about twenty-five pairs breeding on Santa Barbara Island, while July 2, 1912,
H. Wright (21) reported three or four hundred birds with downy young at the
same place. C. F. Holder (23) first recorded nests of this bird from Anacapa.
The rookery seemed to him to be inaccessible, but there M^ere four or five acres
packed with the birds, and the amount of guano indicated that the colony was an
old one. This was in August, 1898. Since that time the island has been occupied
by the bii'ds in some years, and vacant in others. H. Wright (20) found several

1!»17 BIRDS OF THE SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ISLANDS 41

lU'sts with young on Santa Cniz Island in July, 1909, and G. Willett (18) re-'
ported five nests of young on Prinee Islet, San ^Miguel, June 15, 1910.

In several instances I have noted pelicans beginning to repair nests the last
of Ai)ri], while 11. ('. Bnrt (19) saw some at Anacapa flying with sea weed in
their bills, ]\Iarch 17, 1911. This, coupled with other observations made by me
farther south, in Mexico, indicates that the time for nest building and laying va-
ries considerably in different colonies. The nests on the Coronados are made
mostly out of sticks from a certain bush that grows there. L. M. Huey (MS)
tells me that he has watched the pelicans gathering this material, and that they
secure it in the same way that they fish, namely, by flying along and then diving
at the bush, landing feet instead of head first, however, and in this w^ay breaking
the bush down. He affirms that he has seen opuntia cactus that had evidently
been flattened down by the pelicans in the same manner, in mistake for the other
l)ush. One can imagine the surprise of the bird after such a maneuver!

As the pelicans suffer much from the depredations of the gulls, fresh eggs
from second layings may be found well into July. The young leave the nest
when less than half the size of the parents, and it is quite ludicrous to watch the
compact flocks of fluffy, solemn youngsters parading sedately about the rook-
eries. AVhen the primaries are quite well grown, they frequently hop off a shelf
of rock into one of the many patches of cactus, and it is not unusual to encounter
one literally bristling wnth the spines. When able to fly, but before ever having
tried to do so, they will sometimes take to the air at the approach of danger, and
go careening out to sea on unsteady wings, then manage the turn, and come shoot-
ing back on the wind. They are unversed in the art of alighting, however, and
sometimes hit the cliff full speed, which is a signal for every gull in sight to sail
happily down to investigate the dying bird. When camped near the colonies,
one may see a line or wedge of these great birds go silently by at any hour of
the night, undoubtedly belated homecomers from some far fishing ground.

42. Freg-ata aquila (Linnaeus)

Man-o '-w^vr-bird

Taehypetes aquilus (1) Cooper, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., iv, 1870, p. 79.
Fregata aquila (2) Grinnell, Pac. Coast Avif., 11, 1915, p. 31.

J. G. Cooper (1) states that this species was said to occur at Catalina, but
of course it could only have been a straggler in that locality. On June 29, 1913,
L. Isl. Huey called the attention of F. Stephens, A. van Rossem, D. R. Dickey and
myself, to an individual of this species that was soaring over the island towards
the south. It was perfectly identified by all of us.

48. Mergns serrator Linnaeus

Red-breasted Merganser

Mergus serrator (/) Grinnell, Pasadena Acad. Sci., ii, 1898, p. 10. (?) Linton, Condor,

XI, 1909, p. 193. {3) Willett, Pac. Coast Avif., 7, 1912, p. 22.
Merganser serrator ( '/) Linton, Condor, x, 1908, p. 126.

Fairly common winter visitant to the islands. J. Grinnell (1) noted birds

42 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No. 12

at Catalina in December, 1897, and I saw several lone individuals there the lat-
ter part of April, 1907. While at San Clemente from I\larch 23 to April 11, 1915,
I saw a single individual almost daily, and C. B. Linton (3) has noted the species
there as late as May 3, 1909. During November and December, 1907, at Santa
Cruz Island, tlie last mentioned writer (i) frequently saw it feeding among
the tide pools.

44. Dafila acuta (Linnaeus)

Pintail

While in camp on San Clemente, April 4, 1915, a female of this species flew
close over D. R. Dickey and myself. She acted in a peculiar way, circling about
over the camp, and then flying high up the hillside along the shore. We judged
that she was a Avounded bird that had made her way to the island.

45. Oidemia americana Swainson

Scoter

Oidemia americana (1) Grinnell, Pasadena Acad. Sci., ii, 1898, p. 12. (2) Grinnell, Pac.
Coast Avif., 3, 1902, p. 20. (3) A. O. U. Check-list, 3d ed., 1910, p. 80. (4) Willett,
Pac. Coast Avif., 7, 1912, p. 26. (5) Grinnell, Pac. Coast Avif., 11, 1915, p. 38.

Occasional at the islands in winter. J. G. Cooper told J. Grinnell (2) that
he had taken this species at Catalina.

46. Oidemia deglandi Bonaparte

White-winged Scoter

Melanetta velvetina (1) Henshaw, Rep. Wheeler Surv., 1876, p. 274.

Oidemia deglandi (2) Grinnell, Pasadena Acad. Sci., ii, 1898, p. 12. (.3) Linton, Condor,

X, 1908, p. 126. (-'/) Willett, Condor, xii, 1910, p. 173. (J) Willett, Pac. Coast Avif.,
7, 1912, p. 26. {6) Grinnell, Pac. Coast Avif., 11, 1915, p. 38.

Abundant in winter about the islands, a few non-breeders remaining all
summer. The majority arrive the latter part of September and remain until
i\Iay. F. Stephens {2) found it common at Catalina the latter part of March,
1893, and I have seen it repeatedly there during April. G. Willett (.5) saw sev-
eral at Santa Cruz Island during November, 1907, and (5) found immatures
common at San Miguel, the middle of June, 1910.

47. Oidemia perspicillata (Linnaeus)

Surf Scoter

Pelionetta perspicillata (J) Streator, Proc. Sta. Barbara Soc. Nat. Hist., i, 1887, p. 23.
Oidemia perspicillata (2) Streator, Orn. & Ool., xiii, 1888, p. 54. (3) Grinnell, Pasadena,
Acad. Sci., ii, 1898, p. 12. (//) Linton, Condor, x, 1908, p. 126. (•>) Linton, Condor,

XI, 1909, p. 193. (6) Willett, Condor, xii, 1910, p. 173. (7) Willett, Pac. Coast Avif..
7, 1912, p. 26.

Most numerous one of the genus, remaining with us all winter, and an occa-
sional non-breeder spending the summer. C. B. Linton (J) saw several at Cle-
mente during the winter of 1908, and D. R. Dickey and T saw a flock of five

1017 BIRDS OF THE SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ISLANDS Ar,

there April 10, 1915. J. Grinnell (.5) found it very iiiunerous at Catalina dur-
ing December, 1897, and I have noted it in abundance tliere throughout April. I
have also seen a few near Santa Barbara Island the first of May. C. B. Linton
(4) found adults and immatures to be common at Santa Cruz Island, November
and December, 1907, and A. van Rossem and I saw them from time to time in the
same locality during the latter part of April, 1911. G. Willett (6) recorded them
as coinmon at San Miguel Island, the middle of June, 1910, and C. P. Streator
(1) stated that he saw immature birds there and was under the impression that
they bred in the locality, which supposition is, of course, extremely unlikely.
Willet (?) also saw a male at Santa Rosa Island, June 8, 1910. All of our sco-
ters prefer the ocean in the vicinity of sandy beaches, and so are not nearly as
common at the islands as they are along the neighboring mainland.

48. Chen hyperboreus hyperboreus (Pallas)

Snow Goose

Chen hyperboreus hyperboreus (/) Dawson, Condor, xvii, 1915, p. 204.

While on Santa Cruz Island in April, 1915, W. L. Dawson {!) saw a pair
of these birds that were kept in captivity at the ranch house. They were winged,
of course, and had been taken from flocks numbering several thousand which
visited the island during the winter of 1914.

49. Anser albifrons gambeli Hartlaub

White-fronted Goose

Anser gambeli (J) Linton, Condor, x, 1908, p. 126.

C. B. Linton (1) found this goose abundant on Santa Rosa Island in Novem-
ber, 1907, and he (MS) informs me that the fishermen at Santa Cruz Island are
in the habit of running over to Santa Rosa to get them for Christmas. I have
been told by several fishermen that a goose, probably this one, is found on Ana-
capa in flocks daring part of the winter.

50. Ardea herodias herodias Linnaeus

Great Bi.ue Heron

Ardea herodias (1) Cooper, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., iv, 1870, p. 79. (2) Blake, Auk, iv,
1887, p. 329. (3) Grinnell, Pasadena Acad. Sci., i, 1897, p. 26. (//) Breninger, Auk,
XXI, 1904, p. 223. (.5) Mearns, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., lvi, 1907, p. 141. (6') Linton,
Condor, x, 1908, p. 83. (7) Linton, Condor, x, 1908, p. 126. (8) Wright, Condor, xi,
1909, p. 100. (9) Wright and Snyder, Condor, xv, 1913, p. 91.

Ardea herodias herodias (10) Willett, Pac. Coast Avif., 7, 1912, p. 30.

Ardea herodias oligista (11) Oberholser, Proc. U. S. Nat Mus., xliii, 1913, p. 553.

Ardea herodias hyperonca (12) Grinnell, Pac. Coast Avif., 11, 1915, p. 43.

P"'airly common about all of the islands but evidently breeding on only a few
of them. I have seen these birds all through the spring and early summer stand-
ing on the kelp beds in the vicinity of the Coronados.

From San Clemente, H. C. ()l)erholser (11) has described a subspecies, the

44 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No. 12

type being an almost adult male taken August 26, 1894. It is similar to the
mainland bird, but smaller, and the describer says that in addition to the type
locality, it probably occurs on Santa Cruz, San Nicolas, Anacapa and Catalina.
Now I am very familiar with the Coronados Islands,. having lived on them for
as long as two months at a time, and I am morally certain that no herons breed
there. Besides, I have seen one as far as five miles from the islands, flying to-
wards the mainland. In addition. G. Willett (MS) says that he has seen them
in flight between Anacapa and the mainland. If they fly back and forth from
these two islands, it is reasonable to suppose that they do the same from the oth-
ers, and if this is the case it is hard to believe that an island subspecies exists.

I have before me two Great Blue Herons from the islands, one from the col-
lection of A. van Rossem, shot by him on San Clemente, September 30, 1908, the
other, from my own collection, taken on Catalina by H. Wright, May 25, 1908.
Although they are both males, and, as far as I can tell, near the age of Mr. Ober-
holser's type, I can see no difference to warrant separation of the island bird.
Following are the average measurements of the eleven specimens of A. h. liyper-
onca from the Pacific slope of California as given by Mr. Oberholser in his orig-
inal description of that subspecies, his measurements of the type of oligista, and
the average of my two island specimens.

Wing- Tail Culmen Tarsu.s Toe'

11 A. h. hyperonca 485.7 184.7 142.7 180.5 107.2

ty Vie, A. h. oligista 433 187 149 184 101

2 skins from islands 492 182.5 148.7 182.3 113

'Middle toe without claw.

Some allowance should of course be made for two different people taking
measurements, but even with a generous margin to allow for variation in this, it
M'ill be seen that my two birds have even longer wings and middle toes than the
mainland ones, while the shortness of these two members was the chief claim to
subspecific rank of the type of oligista.

C. B. Linton (MS) saw several Great Blue Herons at San Nicolas during
January, 1911, and I have seen an occasional individual at Catalina at different
times of the year. H. Wright (9) records one at Anacapa, July 5, 1912, and A.
van Rossem and I saw a number at Santa Cruz in April, 1911.

In the vicinity of the islands these birds spend most of their time perched
on the kelp beds waiting for fish. The kelp sinks under them to a certain ex-
tent, and they appear as if their legs were but half the length that they really
are. Those that breed upon the islands build their nests in niches of the cliffs.

51. Butorides virescens anthonyi (Mearns)

Anthony Green Heron
Butorides virescens anthonyi (1) Oberholser, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xlii, 1912, p. 543.

H. C. Oberholser (MS) informs me that his record for this bird on the Cor-
onados (1) is based on a specimen taken in that locality by A. W. Anthony, May
11, 1885. C. B. Linton (MS) tells me that he also secured a l)ird on Santa Cruz
Island.

1917 BIRDS OF THE SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ISLANDS 45

52. Nycticorax nycticorax naevius (Boddaert)

Black-crowned Night Heron

Nycticorax nycticorax naevius (1) Mearns, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., lvi, 1907, p. 141. (2)
Willett, Pac. Coast Avif., 7, 1912, p. 31.

E. A. Mearns (1) saw a bird of this species on San Clemente Island, August
22 to 29, 1894.

53. Porzana Carolina (Linnaeus)

SORA
Porzana Carolina (1) Linton, Condor, xi, 1909, p. 193.

C. B. Linton (1) found the partly eaten remains of one of these birds on San
Clemente Island during the winter of 1908.

54. .Fulica americana Gmelin

Coot

Fulica americana (1) Liuton, Condor, x, 1908, p. 126.

But one record, that of a bird seen by C. B. Linton (1) December 18, 1907,
at Prisoner's Harbor, Santa Cruz Island.

55. Phalaropus fulicarius (Linnaeus)

Red PlIALAROPE

Crymophilus fulicarius (1) Streator, Orn. & Ool., xiii, 1888, p. 54. (2) Mearns, Bull. U. S.

Nat. Mus., LVI, 1907, p. 141. (S) Linton, Condor, x, 1908, p. 126.

Phalaropus fulicarius (Jf) Willett, Pac. Coast Avif., 7, 1912, p. 33. {■'>) Grinnell, Pac.

Coast Avif., 11, 1915, p. 48.

Abundant at certain times during the migrations about the islands. On
April 10, 1911, I saw two of these birds feeding near the rocks of Catalina, and
E. A. Mearns (2) took specimens at San Clemente, August 22 to 29, 1894. C. P.
Streator (1) observed a number in the kelp fields near San Nicolas during the
middle of the fall, and C. B. Linton and G. Willett (.5) found them abundant in
the vicinity of Anacapa and Santa Cruz islands until November 27. By Decem-
ber 5 the majority had left for the south.

56. Lobipes lobatus (Linnaeus)

Northern Phalarope
Lobipes lobatus (1) Willett, Pac. Coast Avif., 7, 1912, p. 34.

Abundant migrant in the open channel, but few are seen near the shores of
the islands. C. B. Linton (1) took two birds from a large flock near Santa Cruz
Island, October 21, 1908, and A. van Rossem and I saw a few in the same locality
May 2, 1911.

57. Recurvirostra americana Gmelin

AVOCET
Recurvirostra americana (?) Henshaw, Rep. Wheeler Surv., 1876, p. 270.

46 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No. 12

H. W. Henshaw {!) reports that diiring the middle of June, 1875, on Santa
Cruz Island, several of these birds had paired and were living on the beaches.
He thought that they may have been breeding, but in this conclusion I believe
that he may have been mistaken.

58. Himantopus mexicanus (Miiller)

Black-necked Stilt

Himantopus mexicanus (1) Grinnell, Pasadena Acad. Sci., i, 1897, p. 26. (3) Grinnell,
Pac. Coast Avif., 11, 1915, p. 49.

J. Grinnell (1) shot a male of this species May 25, 1897, that was standing
at the edge of a pool on San Nicolas Island, and C. B. Linton (MS) secured one
in the same locality.

59. Macrorhaniphus griseus scolopaceus (Say)

Long-billed Dowitcher

Macrorhamphus scolopaceus (1) Mearns, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., lvi, 1907, p. 141.
MacrorJiamphus griseus scolopaceus (2) Willett, Pac. Coast Avif., 7, 1912, p. 35.

E. A. Mearns {1) reports having seen this bird on San Clemente Island,
May 22 to 29, 1894.

60. Pisobia bairdi (Coues)

Baird Sandpiper

Pisobia bairdi (/) Grinnell, Condor, xi, 1909, p. 139. (2) Willett, Pac. Coast Avif., 7,
1912, p. 36. (3) Grinnell, Pac. Coast Avif., 11, 1915, p. 50.

An immature male of this species was taken at Catalina, September 1, 1907,
by H. Wright (i).

61. Pisobia minutilla (Vieillot)

Least Sandpiper

Actodromas minutilla (/) Cooper, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., iv, 1870, p. 79.
Tringa minutilla (2) Linton, Condor, x, 1908, p. 126.
Pisobia minutilla (3) Linton, Condor, xi, 1909, p. 194.

Common during migration on the sandy beaches of the islands. At San
Clemente, C. B. Linton (3) saw flocks of these birds, and took a few specimens in
December, 1908. He (MS) also saw many at San Nicolas during January, 1911.
J. G. Cooper (1) recorded it from Catalina, and Linton (2) met with it at Santa
Cruz Island during November and December, 1907. In the same locality, May 1,
1911, A. van Rossem and I saw a flock of what we believed to be this species.

62. Ereunetes mauri Cabanis

Western Sandpiper

Ereunetes mauri {1) Mearns, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., lvi, 1907, p. 141. (2) Linton, Condor,
XI, 1909, p. 194. (3) Grinnell, Pac. Coast Avif., 11, 1915, p. 51.
Probably a fairly common migrant on the sandy beaches of the islands. E.

1917 BIRDS OF THE SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ISLANDS 47

A. Mearns (1) shot some of these birds at San Clemente from August 22 to 29.
1894, and C. B. Linton (2) states that at the same place he met with it together
with the last species during December, 1908.

63. Calidris leucophaea (Pallas)

Sanderling

Calidris arenaria (1) Henshaw, Rep. Wheeler Surv., 1876, p. 271. (2) Breninger, Auk,

XXI, 1904, p. 222. (3) Linton, Condor, x, 1908, p. 126.
Calidris leucophaea (//) Linton, Condor, xi, 1909, p. 194. (J) Willett, Pac. Coast Avif., 7,

1912, p. 37. (6) Grinnell, Pac. Coast Avif., 11, 1915, p. 51.

Common winter visitant to suitable parts of the islands. C. B. Linton (5)
has found this species on San Nicolas as late as May 30. He (i) says that it is
common during the winter at San Clemente, where Breninger (2) also found
flocks in February, 1903. Linton (3) has noted it on Santa C-ruz Island during
November and December, 1907,

64. Totanus melanoleucus (Gmelin)

Greater Yellow-legs

Totanus melanoleucus (1) Streator, Orn. & Ool., xiir, 1888, p. 53. (2) Osburn, Condor,
XI, 1909, p. 137.

C. P. Streator (1) reports having seen one of these birds on Santa Cruz Isl-
and in 1886. No specimen was obtained, and it is with some hesitation that I in-
clude the species. As it is a common migrant on the mainland, however, and not
hard to identify in life, I have ventured to do so.

65. Helodromas solitarius cinnamomeus (Brewster)

Western Solitary Sandpiper

Totanus solitarius (i) Streator, Orn. & Ool., xiii, 1888, p. 53.

Helodromas solitarius cinnamomeus (2) Mearns, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., lvi, 1907, p. 141.
(3) Willett, Pac. Coast Avif., 7, 1912, p. 38.

Rather rare migrant. C. P. Streator (1) met with this bird on both San
Nicolas and Santa Cruz islands in 1886, and E. A. Mearns (2) reported it from
San Clemente the latter part of August, 1894.

66. Catoptrophorus semipalmatus inomatus (Brewster)

Western Willet

Symphemia semipalmata inornata (/) Streator, Orn. & Ool., xiii, 1888, p. 54.
Catoptrophorus siennipalmatus^. inomatus {2) Willett, Condor, xii, 1910, p. 173.
Catoptrophorus semipalmatus inomatus (3) Willett, Pac. Coast Avif., 7, 1912, p. 38.

Regular migrant to suitable parts of the islands. C. P. Streator {!) re-
ported it from San Nicolas in the fall of 1886, and C. B. Linton {MS) met with
it upon the same island during January, 1911. G. Willett {2) records a flock of
ten or twelve birds seen at the west end of San Miguel, June 17, 1910.

48 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No. 12

67. Heteractitis incanus (Gmelin)

Wandering Tattler

Heteroscelus incanus (1) Henshaw, Rep. Wheeler Surv., 1876, p. 272. (2) Baird, Brewer
and Ridgway, Water Birds N. Am., i, 1884, p. 291.

Heteractitis incanus (3) Blake, Auk, iv, 1887, p. 329. (//) Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus.,
XXIV, 1896, p. 455. (5) Grinnell, Pasadena Acad. Sci., i, 1897, p. 26. {6) Grinnell,
Pasadena Acad. Sci., ii, 1898, p. 18. (7) Grinnell and Daggett, Auk, xx, 1903, pp. 33,
37. (8) Mearns, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., lvi, 1907, p. 141. (D) Linton, Condor, x, 1908,
p. 83. (10) Linton, Condor, x, 1908, p. 126. (11) Grinnell, Condor, x, 1908, p. 130.
(12) Wright, Condor, xi, 1909, p. 100. (13) Osburn, Condor, xi, 1909, p. 137. (1^)
Willett, Condor, xii, 1910, p. 173. (lo) Howell, Condor, xii, 1910, p. 186. (16) Burt,
Condor, xiii, 1911, p. 164. (11) Willett, Pac. Coast Avif., 7, 1912, p. 38. (18) Grin-
nell, Pac. Coast Avif., 11, 1915, p. 53.

Wandering Tattler (19) Willett, Condor, xii, 1910, p. 171.

Common migrant to all the islands, and recorded during every mouth of the
year. Most abundant from August to the first part of May. Almost every or-
nithologist who has visited the islands in winter has met with this bird, and there
are about a dozen records for non-breeders during the summer months. They
are fond of frequenting the foam-sprayed rocks off shore, singly or in twos, and
not infrequently in the company of Black Turnstones. Here, when observed,
they will squat motionless or steal over a ridge of rock.

68. Actitis macularia (Linnaeus)

Spotted Sandpiper

Actitis macularia (1) Grinnell, Pasadena Acad. Sci., i, 1897, p. 26. (2) Grinnell, Pasa-
dena Acad. Sci., ii, 1898, p. 18. (3) Grinnell and Daggett, Auk, xx, 1903, pp. 33, 37.
(4) Mearns, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., lvi, 1907, p. 141. (5) Linton, Condor, x, 1908, p.
83. (6') Linton, Condor, x, 1908, p. 126. (7) Grinnell, Condor, x, 1908, p. 130. (8)
Osburn, Condor, xi, 1909, p. 137. (9) Willett, Pac. Coast Avif., 7, 1912, p. 39.

Actitis macularius (10) Grinnell, Pac. Coast Avif., 11, 1915, p. 53.

Common on the islands in winter, and, as with the last mentioned species,
occurring during every month of the year. On the Coronados I have seen them
repeatedly in the spring and occasionally during the early summer; J. Grinnell
and F. S. Daggett {3) note two seen August 6, 1902, in the same locality. C. B.
Linton (5) found the species fairly common at Clemente during the fall and
winter of 1907, and I saw a bird on the rocks there ^larcli 29, 1915. J. Grinnell
{2) reports it as tolerably common at Catalina in December, 1897, and I have
seen individuals both here and at Santa Barbara Island in late April and early
May. Grinnell {'/) also saw several at Anacapa, September 4, 1903; Linton (6)
found numbers at Santa Cruz Island in November and December, 1907, where A.
van Rossem and I noted them during the latter part of April, 1911.

69. Numenius hudsonicus Latham

Hudsonian Curlew

Numenius hudsonicus (1) Grinnell and Daggett, Auk, xx, 1903, pp. 33, 37. (2) Brenin-
ger. Auk, xxi, 1904, p. 222. (3) Linton, Condor, x, 1908, p. 126. ('/) Cooke, Bull. U.
S. Biol. Surv., xxxv revised, 1912, p. 74. (o) Grinnell, Pac. Coast Avif., 11, 1915, p. 54.

1917 BIRDS OF THE SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ISLANDS -49

Probably a regular but not very common migrant. J. Grinnell and F. S.
Daggett (1) observed two of this species flying over the Coronados, August 7,
1902 ; Breninger (2) noted a few at San Clemente in February, 1903 ; C. B. Lin-
ton (3) took a bird December 8, 1907, at Santa Cruz, and (MS) lias also seen
birds on San Nicolas.

70. Squatarola squatarola (Linnaeus)

Black-bellied Plover

Squatarola helvetica (1) Baird, Brewer and Rldgway, Water Birds N. Am,, i, 1884, p. 136.
Squatarola squatarola (2) Breninger, Auk, xxi, 1904, p. 218. (3) Linton, Condor, x, 1908,
p. 126. (//) Willett, Pac. Coast Avif., 7, 1912, p. 39.

Rather common migrant at suitable localities. C. B. Linton (4) saw one
of these birds in full summer plumage at San Nicolas Island, June 1, 1910, and
G. F. Breninger (2) observed thousands on the shores of San Clemente in Febru-
ary, 1908. J. G. Cooper (1) took a female on Catalina, November 1, 1861, now
in the ^Museum of Vertebrate Zoology at Berkeley, and C. B. Linton (5) found it
common on Santa Cruz during November and December, 1907, large flocks being
seen feeding on the mesas one half to one mile inland.

71. Oxyechus vociferus (Linnaeus)

KiLLDEER
Aegialitis vocifera (i) Linton, Condor, x, 1908, p. 126.

Straggles to the islands in the winter. I saw a lone individual of this spe-
cies, March 25, 1915, at a little pond on the top of San Clemente Island. C. B.
Linton (MS) noted several on San Nicolas in January, and a number on Santa
Cruz during November and December, 1907.

72. Aegialitis semipalmata (Bonaparte)

Semipalmated Plover

Aegialitis semipalmata (1) Mearns, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., lvi, 1907, p. 141. (2) Willett,
Pac. Coast Avif., 7, 1912, p. 40.

Evidently a rather rare winter straggler from the mainland. E. A. Mearns
(1) took this species on San Clemente the latter part of August, 1894, and C. B.
Linton (2) saw it at San Nicolas, April 18 and May 6, 1910.

73. Aegialitis nivosa Cassin

Snowy Plover

Aegialitis nivosa (i) Grinnell, Pasadena Acad. Sci., i, 1897, p. 26. (2) Linton, Condor,
X, 1908, p. 83. (3) Linton, Condor, x, 1908, p. 126. 14) Willett, Pac. Coast Avif., 7,
1912, p. 40. (5) Grinnell, Pac. Coast Avif., 11, 1915, p. 55.

Found on most of the sandy beaches of the islands, where apparently breed-
ing. C. B. Linton (2) saw a flock of fifteen or twenty birds on San Clemente,
October 15, 1907, and says (MS) that they breed on San Nicolas. He (3) also
reported it as fairly common during the late fall of 1907 at Santa Cruz Island.
0. W. Howard (i) has seen it at San Miguel during the summer months.

50 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No. 12

74. Podasocys montanus (J. K. Townsend)

Mountain Plover

Podasocys montana {1) Breninger, Auk, xxi, 1904, p. 222.

Podasocys montanus {2) Willett, Pac. Coast Avif., 7, 1912, p. 41. (3) Grinnell, Pac. Coast
Avif., 11, 1915, p. 56.

G. F. Breninger (1) took one of these birds on San Clemente in February,
1903, and states that he was informed that they wintered on the island in large
numbers. If this was the case they are undoubtedly much rarer there at this
time than formerly, as is also true in the lowlands of the adjacent mainland.

75. Aphriza virgata (Gmelin)

Surf-bird

A2)hriza virgata (i) Cooper, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., iv, 1870, p. 79. (.») Baird, Brewer
and Ridgway, Water Birds N. Am., i, 1884, p. 127. (.?) Grinnell, Pac. Coast Avif., 3,
1902, p. 28. (//) Willett, Pac. Coast Avif., 7, 1912, p. 41. (.7) Grinnell, Pac. Coast
Avif., 11, 1915, p. 56.

Rare migrant on the islands though probably commoner there than on the
mainland opposite. C. B. Linton (4) took an adult on San Nicolas, May 15, 1909,
and J. G. Cooper (1) saw birds on Santa Barbara and Catalina islands which
he took to be of this species. L. M. Loomis ( i) says that R. H. Beck secured sev-
eral on San Miguel from March 13 to April 1, 1903. My experience with this
species on the mainland leads me to believe that it is a rapid migrant, and in the
habit of making long flights, touching usually only at certain favorable promon-
tories and headlands in its line of travel. If this is the case, the islands should
be favorite resting places for the birds, and I believe that systematic work on
the rocks of the Santa Barbara group at the right season would prove them to
be not so rare as they are usually considered. Indications are that during the
spring, the first week in May is the most likely time to look for them.

76. Arenaria interpres morinella (Linnaeus)

Ruddy Turnstone

Arenaria interpres morinella (1) Mearns, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., lvi, 1907, p. 141. (2)
Grinnell, Condor, xi, 1909, p. 139. (J) Willett, Pac. Coast Avif., 7, 1912, p. 41. (4)
Wright and Snyder, Condor, xv, 1913, p. 91.

Probably a regular though not a plentiful migrant. E. A. IMearns (1) took
this bird at San Clemente in late August, 1894, and C. B. Linton (5) found it
fairly common on the rocks of San Nicolas from March 30 to May 11, 1910. H.
Wright (2) shot an immature male at Catalina, September 3, 1907, and (i) saw
one at Pelican Harbor, Santa Cruz Island, July 8, 1912. C. B. Linton (3) noted
two birds on San Miguel, October 15, 1910.

77. Arenaria melanocephala (Vigors)

Black Turnstone

Stripsilas melanoceplialus (J) Henshaw, Rep. Wheeler Surv., 1876, p. 270.

Arenaria melanocephala (2) Blake, Auk, iv, 1887, p. 329. (3) Streator, Orn. & Ool., xiii.

1017 BIRDS OF THE SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ISLANDS 51

1888, p. 53. (//) Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxiv, 1896, pp. 102, 729. (.5) Grinnell^
Pasadena Acad. Sci., i, 1897, p. 26. {(>) Grinnell, Pasadena Acad. Sci., ii, 1898, p. 19.
(7) Davie, Nests & Eggs N. Am. Birds, 5th ed., 1898, p. 159. (8) Grinnell and Daggett,
Auk, XX, 1903, pp. 33, 37. (il) Breninger, Auk, xxi, 1904, p. 218. (10) Mearns, Bull.
U. S. Nat. Mus., Lvi, 1907, p. 141. (11) Linton, Condor, x, 1908, p. 83. (12) Linton,
Condor, x, 1908, p. 126. (13) Grinnell, Condor, x, 1908, p. 130. (14) Wright, Condor,
XI, 1909, p. 100. (l.j) Osburn, Condor, xi, 1909, p. 137. (16) Willett, Condor, xii,
1910, p. 173. (/?) Cooke, Bull. U. S. Biol. Surv., xxxv revised, 1912, p. 99. (IS) Wil-
lett, Pac. Coast Avif., 7, 1912, p. 42.

An abundant migrant, and common throughout the winter. Non-breeders
occasionally seen all through the summer. The majority arrive about the mid-
dle of August and leave the middle of May. Breeding plumage is assumed to-
wards the last of April. This is by far the most a])undant shore bird on the isl-
ands, much more so than on the mainland, occurring in flocks of as many as thir-
ty individuals, and freciuenting the rockiest shores.

78, Haematopus frazari Brewster

Frazar Oyster-catcher

Haematopus palliatus (1) Cooper, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., iv, 1868, p. 8. (?) Cooper, Proc.

Calif. Acad. Sci., iv, 1870, p. 79. (3) Baird, Brewer and Ridgway, Water Birds N.

Am., I, 1884, p. 113.
Haematopus frazari ('/) Davie, Nests & Eggs N. Am. Birds, 5th ed., 1898, p. 161. (.'>)

Brewster, Birds Cape Region Lower Calif., 1902, p. 74. (6) Grinnell, Pac. Coast Avif.,

3, 1902, p. 29. (7) Grinnell and Daggett, Auk, xx, 1903, pp. 29, 33, 37. (S) Osburn,

Condor, xiii, 1911, p. 76. (9) Cooke, Bull. U. S. Biol. Surv., xxxv revised, 1912, p. 42.

(10) Willett, Pac. Coast Avif., 7, 1912, p. 42. (//) Grinnell, Pac. Coast Avif., 11,

1915, p. 57.

Rare straggler from farther south during the late summer. J. Grinnell (7)
took one specimen on the Coronados, August 6, 1902, and saw another the follow-
ing day. J. G. Cooper (2) shot a female on Santa Barbara Island, June 2, 1863,
that held an egg nearly ready to be laid. Although tliis would indicate that the
bird was breeding in the vicinity, we have no cause to suppose that the species
has bred within our range since that time at least.

79. Haematopus bachmani Audubon

Black Oyster-catcher

Haematopus niger (1) Cooper, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., iv, 1870, p. 79. (2) Henshaw, Rep.
Wheeler Surv., 1876, p. 270. (3) Baird, Brewer and Ridgway, Water Birds N. Am.,
I, 1884, p. 116. (//) Streator, Proc. Sta. Barbara Soc. Nat. Hist., i, 1887, p. 22. (5)
Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxiv, 1896, p. 121.

Haematopus bachmani (6) Blake, Auk, iv, 1887, p. 329. (7) Streator, Orn. & Ool., xiii,
1888, p. 53. (8) Brewster, Birds Cape Region Lower Calif., 1902, p. 75. (<)) Grinnell
and Daggett, Auk, xx, 1903, pp. 33, 37. (10) Linton, Condor, x, 1908, p. 126. (11)
Grinnell, Condor, x, 1908, p. 130. (1.2) Wright, Condor, xi, 1909, p. 100. (13) Os-
burn, Condor, xi, 1909, p. 137. (1.',) Willett, Condor, xii, 1910, p. 173. (/.T) Osburn,
Condor, xiii, 1911, p. 32. (16) Burt, Condor, xiii, 1911, p. 164. (/7) Willett, Pac.
Coast Avif., 7, 1912, p. 42. (IH) Wright and Snyder, Condor, xv, 1913, pp. 87, 91.
(19) Grinnell, Pac. Coast Avif., 11, 1915, p. 57.

Haemantopus bachmani (20) Streator, Orn. & Ool., xiii, 1888, p. 54.

52 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No. 12

Black Oystercatcher (21) Swarth, Bull. Cooper Orn. Club, i, 1899, p. 85. (22) Willett,
Condor, xii, 1910, p. 171.

Fairly common resident on some of the islands. There were at least four
pairs of these birds nesting on the Coronados in 1910, and I several times en-
countered the downy young after the middle of June. Breeds on the Coronados,
Santa Barbara, Anacapa, Santa Cruz, San Miguel and Santa Rosa islands. Most
plentiful on the last, where G. Willett (14) took five sets of eggs, June 17, 1910.

Data would seem to indicate that these birds do not lay much before the mid-
dle of May. Usually three and more rarely four eggs are laid. In winter the
legs and feet are yellow, but towards spring they become bright red. Certain
rocky points are selected by the birds, and to these are often brought the barna-
cles which they pry off the rocks. These are worked over at leisure, and at one
such depot on the Coronados which I examined, there was fully a bushel of shells.

80, Lophortyx calif ornica vallicola (Ridgway)

Valley Quail

Lophortyx calif ornicus (1) Cooper, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., iv, 1870, p. 79. (2) Cooper,
Land Birds Calif., i, 1870, p. 550. (3) Henshaw, Rep. Wheeler Surv., 1876, p. 266.

Callipepla calif ornica vallicola (4) Grinnell, Pasadena Acad. Sci., i, 1897, p. 12. (5)
Grinnell, Auk, xv, 1898, p. 234.

Lophortyx calif ornicus vallicola (C) Oberholser, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xxii, 1900, p. 229.
(7) Mearns, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., lvi, 1907, p. 142. (S) Wright, Condor, xi, 1909, p.
100. {9) Howell, Condor, xii, 1910, p. 187.

Lophortyx catalinensis (10) Grinnell, Auk, xxiii, 1906, p. 262. {11) [Childs], Warbler,
III, 1907, p. 1. (12) Richardson, Condor, xi, 1908, p. 66. (IS) Grinnell, Condor, x,
1908, p. 94. (Ut) A. O. U. Committee, Auk, xxv, 1908, p. 391.

Lophortyx sp,? (lo) Osburn, Condor, xi, 1909, p. 137.

Lophortyx californica vallicola (16) Willett, Pac. Coast Avif., 7, 1912, p. 43. (11) Grin-
nell, Pac. Coast Avif., 11, 1915, p. 59.

Lophortyx californica catalinensis (18) Grinnell, Pac. Coast Avif., 8, 1912, p. 10. (19)
Grinnell, Pac. Coast Avif., 11, 1915, p. 59.

Rather rare on the Coronados ; common on Catalina. There are at present a
few pairs on south island of the Coronados. L. M. Huey (MS) remembers years
ago to have heard talk of a Mr. Babcock of San Diego establishing a hunting pre-
serve upon the island, and believes that the birds were introduced at that time.
They now seem to have a rather precarious foothold there, and it is likely that
Duck Hawks and wild house cats will exterminate them in the near future. In
coloration, individuals may be found which somewhat approach californica, but
the majority have the markings of vallicola. It is not improbable that a part of
the birds which were liberated, were of each race. They are essentially the same
as birds from the mainland, four birds from my collection differing only to a
slight degree in having shorter bills and middle toes, and longer tails, an insuffi-
cient difference to warrant separation.

Mr. Howland of, San Clemente Island, tells me that there were two or three
dozen birds liberated there in 1913, but that he has not seen any of them very
recently. G. Willett (16), however, records the species previous to that time (in
1912) as occasional on San Clemente, so that introduction may have taken place
at an earlier period.

1917 BIRDS OF THE SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ISLANDS .V,

The C'atalina quail was separated by J. Grinnell {10), the type being a bird
collected November 25, 1904. He says that it is about nine per cent larger than
vnlUroJa, and darker and more l)rovvnish dorsally tlian ealifoniica. Tail longer,
bill heavier, toes and tarsus stouter, than in eitlicr inainhind i-ace. It was not
accepted l)y tlie A. 0. V. Coinmittee (ii), but all tiic l)ir(ls wliicli I liave neon
could be easily told from eithei' of the mainland forms, and T believe it to be a
good subspecies. They are a])undant on the island. A lialf finished nest found
by C. IT. Richardson (12) in April, 1907, differed in no manner from tliat of
mainland vallicola.

II. W. Henshaw (3) states that quail were at OU'' time introduced on Santa
C'l'uz Island, but as none have been taken there as far as I know, tliey have prob-
ably disappeared, and there is no way of knowing whether they were califor)nc<i
or vallicola.

81. Zenaidura macroura marginella (Woodhouse)

Western Mourning Dove

Ze7iai(lura carolinensis (1) Cooper, Proc. Calii'. Acad. Sci., iv, 1870, p. 78. (3) Richard-
son, Condor, x, 1908, p. 66.

Zenaidura macroura (3) Blake, Auk, iv, 1887, p. 329. (//) Keeler, Zoe, i, 1891, p. 339.
(.5) Grinnell, Pasadena Acad. Sci., i, 1897, pp. 5, 9, 13. (f)) Grinnell, Auk, xv, 1898,
p. 234. (7) Mearns, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., i.vi, 1907, p. 141. (S) Linton, Condor, x,
1908, p. 83. (.9) Linton, Condor, x, 1908, p. 127.

Zenaidura macroura marginella (10) Mearns, Auk, xxviii, 1911, p. 490. ill) A. O. U.
Committee, Auk, xxix, 1912, p. 381. (12) Wright and Snyder, Condor, xv, 1913, p. 91.
US) Grinnell, Pac. Coast Avif., 11, 1915, p. 62. (///) Ridgway, Birds North & Mid.
Am., VII, 1916, p. 347.

Zenaidura macroura carolinensis' (15) "Willett, Pac. Coast Avif., 7, 1912, p. 44.

Rather common resident of certain of the islands. J. Grinnell (5) found
this bird quite numerous near tbe lower end of San Clemente during the spring
of 1897. Twenty or thirty of them roosted in a small elunip of cherry trees in a
ravine, coming to it just at dusk. Two nests were found by him on June 3 and 6,
respectively, both being situated on horizontal branches of wild cherry. In the
treeless northern part of the island, however, they are distinctly rare, and I saw-
but a single individual during a three weeks stay in the spring of 1915.

I have noted them in some numbers on Catalina, and C. II. Richardson (2)
found that they pair in April there. J. Grinnell (5) saw about a dozen birds on
San Nicolas in May, 1897, and remarks that a specimen secured is very much
darker than any he had seen from the mainland. He also saw about the same
number on Santa Barbara Island in May, 1897, but on the first of that month,
1908, I could find but a single bird in the locality. This is such a small barren
island that one feels surprised at meeting these birds. They, in addition to some
of the other land birds, must get their supply of moisture from the ice plant
which grows so abundantly.

A. van Rossem and I found doves to be common on Santa Cruz the latter
part of April, 1911, where they seemed partial to the upper edges of the bare
grass lands, and to the borders of the little canyons. Here H. Wright (12) found
a nest containing a single (^^g, July 7, 1912.

54 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No. 12

82. Circus hudsonius (Linnaeus)

Marsh Hawk

Circus hudsonius (/) van Rossem, Condor, xi, 1909, p. 208. (i) Burt, Condor, xiii, 1911,
p. 166. (3) Willett, Pac. Coast Avif., 7, 1912, p. 46.

Evid(»ntly a straggler to the islands. A. van Kosseiii (1) shot a female on
the Coronados, April 6, 1909; H. C. Bnrt (2) took an immature male on Anaca-
pa, March 15, 1911; and C. B. Linton (MS) tells me that he has seen the species
on Santa Cruz.

83. Accipiter velox (Wilson)

Sharp-shinned Hawk

Accipiter velox (/) Mailliard, Bull. Cooper Orn. Club, i, 1899, p. 44. {:i) Richardson,
Condor, x, 1908, p. 66. (3) Linton, Condor, xi, 1909, p. 194. ( ',) Willett, Pac. Coast
Avif., 7, 1912, p. 46.

Probably not rare during the fall, winter and early spring. On San Cle-
mente, C. B. Linton (.5) saw several of these birds during December, 1908; C. H.
Richardson (,2) recorded one from Catalina, April 19. 1905; and J. Mailliard {1)
lists it as having occurred on Santa Cruz in April, 1908.

84. Accipiter cooperi (Bonaparte)

Cooper Hawk

Accipiter cooperi (1) Mailliard, Bull. Cooper Orn. Club, i, 1899, p. 44. (2) Howell and
van Rossem, Condor, xiii, 1911, p. 209. (3) Willett, Pac. Coast Avif., 7, 1912, p. 46.
( '/) Grinnell, Pac. Coast Avif., 11, 1915, p. 64.

Recorded only from Santa Cruz Island, where I believe it to be resident in
small numbers. J. Mailliard (1) lists the species from that locality during April,
1908, and on April 25, 1911, I (5) saw a pair at the lower edge of the pines which
acted very much as if they had a nest near by.

85. Buteo borealis calurus Cassin

Western Red- tail

Buteo borealis cnlurus {/) Grinnell, Auk, xv, 1898, p. 234. (3) Mailliard, Bull. Cooper
Orn. Club, i, 1899, p. 44. (3) Breninger, Auk, xxi, 1904, p. 220. ('/) Richardson,
Condor, x, 1908, p. 66. (5) Linton, Condor, x, 1908, p. 83. {(>) Linton, Condor, x,
1908, p. 127. (7) Grinnell, Pac. Coast Avif., 11, 1915, p. 65.

Fairly common resident of the larger islands. C. B. Linton (.5) says that
several pairs were nesting on San Clemente in 1907, and L. M. Huey (MS) saw
a bird there JMarch 25, 1915. I have found it connnon in the early spring at Cat-
alina, and on April 11, 1911, discovered in a tree a nest that held two pipped
eggs. J. Grinnell (1) saw two or three every day when he was there in Decem-
ber, 1897. C. B. Linton (6) noted several on Santa Cruz during November and
December. 1907, and A. van Rossem and I saw one theiv May 1, 1911.

1917 BIRDS OF THE SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ISLANDS 55

86. Buteo swainsoni Bonaparte

SwATNSON Hawk

Buteo montaniis (/) Cooper, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., iv, 1870, p. 77.

Buteo swainsoni (2) Howell and van Rossem, Condor, xiii, 1911, p. 209. (3) Willett,
Pac. Coast Avif., 7, 1912, p. 47. (//) Grinnell, Pac. Coast Avif., 11, 1915, p. 66.

Occurs on two of tlie islands at least. J. G. Cooper (1) says that the spe-
cies was present at Catalina, and F. S. Daggett (3) found it common there from
August 1 to 16, 1898, one specimen having been taken. I (2) obtained a good
view of one on Santa Cruz, April 30, 1911.

87. Haliaeetus leucocephalus leucocephalus (Linnaeus)

Bald Eagle

Haliaetus levcocepJwlus (/) Cooper, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., iv, 1870, p. 77. (?) Cooper,
Land Birds Calif., i, 1870, p. 452. (,^)Henshaw, Rep. Wheeler Surv., 1876, p. 264.

Haliaeetus leucocephalus (//) Blake, Auk, iv, 1887, p. 329. (5) Streator, Orn. & Ool.,
XIII, 1888, p. 53. (6) Belding, Land Birds Pac. Dist., 1890, p. 41. (7) Keeler, Zoe,

I, 1891, p. 339. (.s) Grinnell, Pasadena Acad. Sci., i, 1897, pp. 5, 9, 13. (9) Grinnell.
Auk, XV, 1898, p. 234. (10) Mailliard, Bull. Cooper Orn. Club, i, 1899, p. 42. (11)
Grinnell and Daggett, Auk, xx, 1903, pp. 33, 37. (12) Breninger, Auk, xxi, 1904, p.
219. (13) Mearns, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., lvi, 1907, p. 141. (/'/) Richardson, Con-
dor, X, 1908, p. 66. (I.-)) Linton, Condor, x, 1908, p. 83. (Hi) Grinnell, Condor, x,
1908, p. 130. (17) Burt, Condor, xni, 1911, p. 164. (IS) Howell and van Rossem,
Condor, xiii, 1911, p. 209.

Haliaeetus leucocephalus leucocephalus (19) Grinnell, Pac. Coast Avif., 3, 1902, p. 33.
(20) Linton, Condor, x, 1908, p. 127. (21) Willett, Pac. Coast Avif., 7, 1912, p. 48.
(22) Wright and Snyder, Condor, xv, 1913, p. 86. (23) Grinnell. Pac. Coast Avif.,

II, 1915, p. 67.

Bald Eagle (2^) Willett, Condor, xn, 1910, p. 171.

Common resident of the Santa Barbara group. J. Grinnell and F. S. Dag-
gett {11) saw an eagle on the Coronados, August 6, 1902, and were told that i\
pair of them had a nest. One of these birds was later killed, and during my sev-
eral visits since 1910 I have never seen one.

D. R. Dickey, L. M. Huey and I found them nunierous on San Clemente in
the spring of 1915, and a pair that occupied an accessible nest still had eggs
April 3. C. B. Linton {15) says that scattered about the base of the cliffs Avhere
the nests were situated, were numerous skeletons of sheep and young lambs, but
Mr. Howland told us that during fifteen years of almost continued residence on
the island, lie had never seen an eagle carrying a lamb but once, and that was one
that had died a natural death. He was quite sure that they did not molest the
sheep at all. Worked into the material tliat formed the above nest found by ]\Ir.
Dickey, was the dessicated remains of a whole fox.

Eagles are reported as abundant on San Nicolas, and J. G. Cooper {2) states
that on July 9, in the sixties, he saw more than thirty birds in immature plumage
soaring about the north end of Catalina. A number are killed here annually by
tourists and sheepherders, until now they are not quite so abundant. Still, sev-
eral individuals may be seen at almost any time, and many of their nests are on

56 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No. 12

the cliffs. These are sometimes also built in the wind-bloMH trees near the preci-
pices.

I liave seen eagles about Sant}) Barbara Island, as liave others, l)nt as the
island is rather small, I think it pi'obable that tliere is l)ut one resident p^ir. Sev-
eral i)airs are resident on Anaeapa, and it is int(M-esting to note, as H. C. Burt
{17) remarks, that all the sticks which enter into the construction of nests on
this island, must laboriously be carried across five miles of sea from Santa Cruz
Island. On the latter island they are said to kill lambs occasionally, and so are
undoubtedly shot by the herders at every opportunity. A. van Rossem and I
{18) found that most of the birds nested on the sea cliffs, but one nest was found
in a large tree, well back in a canyon. This nest, on May 2, 1911, held a single
young the size of a hen.

The Bald Eagle occurs on San Miguel and undoubtedly on Santa Rosa as
well.

The majority would seem to lay the first part of February, but fresh eggs
may be found until late March.

88. Falco mexicanus Schlegel

Prairie Falcon

Falco mexicanus (/) Streator, Orn. & Ool., xiii, 1888, p. 5.3. (2) Keeler, Zoe, i, 1891, p.
340.

Both C. P. Streator {!) and C. A. Keeler (5) record the Prairie Falcon
from San IMiguel, but no one else has since found it.

89. Falco peregrinus anatum Bonaparte

Duck Hawk

Falco communis var. anatum (1) Henshaw, Rep. Wheeler Surv., 1876, p. 262.

Falco nigripes (2) Cooper, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., iv, 1870, p. 77. (3) Cooper, Land Birds
Calif., I, 1870, p. 456.

Falco peregrinus anatum (//) Belding, Land Birds Pac. Dist., 1890, p. 42. {■'>) Mailliard,
Bull. Cooper Orn. Club, i, 1899, p. 44. (6) Breninger, Auk, xxi, 1904, p. 220. (7)
Mearns, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., lvi, 1907, p. 141. (8) Linton, Condor, x, 1908, p. 83.
{9) Linton, Condor, x, 1908, p. 127. {10) Wright, Condor, xi, 1909, p. 100. {11)
Howell, Condor, xii, 1910, p. 186. {12) Burt, Condor, xiii, 1911, p. 166. {13) Wil-
lett, Pac. Coast Avif., 7, 1912, p. 49. (///) Wright and Snyder, Condor, xv, 1913, p.
91. {lo) Grinnell, Pac. Coast Avif., 11, 1915, p. 67.

Falco anatum anatum, {16) Grinnell and Daggett, Auk, xx, 1903, pp. 33, 37.

Duck Hawk (/7) Willett, Condor, xii, 1910, p. 171.

Common resident of all the islands. At least three and probably four pairs
of these birds breed on the Coronados. During late March and early April, 1915,
on San Clemente, I repeatedly saw a pair, but was unable to locate their nesting
site. G. Willett {13) took a set of four eggs on Catalina, April 8, 1904, and I
have observed several of the birds on the northwest part of the island. T flushed
a pair from the cliff on the seaward side of Santa Barbara Island, where they
undoubtedly had a nest of young, May 1, 1908, and H. C. Burt (12) noted a pair
on Anaeapa. On Santa Cruz, O. W. Howard (/.?) collected a set April 5, 1906,

1!»17 BIRDS OF THE SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ISLANDS 57

and C B. Linton (9) says it is quite common tlierc. Willett (17) found Duck
Hawks to be common on San IMiguel the middle of June, 1910.

AVliere there are colonies of small pelagic birds, these falcons are the com-
inouest. They usually nest on inaccessible cliffs, but on north island of the C'or-
oUfulos group, they breed on ledges in the caves of the hillsides, and arc easily
accessible without a rope. A. van Rossem (MS) found a set of eggs there that
were deposited on a bare ridge close to a path. Fresh eggs may l)e looked for
during the last half of March and first of April.

J. Grinnell and F. S. Daggett (16), on the Coronados, found skins of the
Western Gull turned wrong side out over the head, leaving the skeletons picked
clean, and believe that the hawks were responsible. H. Linton and G. Willett
(.9) saw one take a Red Phalarope from the kelp near the shore of Santa Cruz
Island. First one and then another of a pair of falcons chased the little fellow
until lie was tired out. C. B. Linton (.9) states that Black Turnstones are a fa-
vorite prey. As previously stated, they do great damage among the colonies of
petrels, auklets and murrelets during the nesting season, while in winter, not
even that expert diver the Rhinoceros Auklet is immune from their successful at-
tacks. I have found that when the young Duck Hawks are thoroughly strong on
the wing, the majority forsake the islands, and probably spend the rest of the
season along the mainland coast. On the Coronados, June 8, 1913, .A. van Ros-
sem shot an immature bird which tumbled down a cliff. As we were approaching
it in a skiff two hours later, an adult arose from the carcass, and upon examina-
tion we found that the whole back and one wing had been eaten away, so the
species evidently has cannibalistic tendencies.

90. Falco columbarius columbarius Linnaeus

Pigeon Hav^'^k

Falco columbarius (1) Linton, Condor, x, 1908, p. 127.

Rather rare winter visitant. While D. R. Dickey was removing a fox from
a trap on San Clemente Island, March 30, 1915, a pair of these birds circled
closely around him for two or three minutes. He says that there could have been
no mistake in identification, and from then until we left, April 11, we several
times saw what were evidently the same birds. C. B. Linton (1) noted a few in
the canyons of Santa Cruz Island during November and December, 1907.

91. Falco sparverius phalaena (Lesson)

Desert Sparrow Haw^k

Falco sparverius deserticolus (7) Mailliard, Bull. Cooper Orn. Club, i, 1899, p. 44.

Falco sparverius (3) Linton, Condor, x, 1908, p. 83. (3) Wright and Snyder, Condor,

XV, 1913, p. 91.
Falco sparverius phaloena (.'{) Linton, Condor, x, 1908, p. 127. (T) Osburn, Condor,

XI, 1909, p. 137. (6) Burt, Condor, xiii, 1911, p. 166.
Sparrow Hawk (7) Willett, Condor, xii, 1910, p. 172.

Reported from several islands, and probably resident. C. B. Linton (MS)
says that he has seen these birds on San Nicolas Island; he (2) recorded them as
occasional on San Clemente, in 1907. IT. C. Burt (6) rex)orted a pair on Ana-

58 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No. 12

eapa, March 15, 1911, and A. van Rossem (MS) noted two on Santa Cruz, April
25 of the same year. In the latter locality Linton (i) secured a pair during De-
cember, 1907, and G. Willett (7) saw the wings of a female tliat was shot on San
Miguel in 1910.

92. Pandion haliaetus carolinensis (Gmelin)

OSPREY

Pandion carolinensis (1) Cooper, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., iv, 1870, p. 77. (2) Grinnell,
Pac. Coast Avif., 3, 1902, p. 34. (3) Linton, Condor, x, 1908, p. 127.

Pandion haliaeetus carolinensis (.'/) Streator, Orn. & Ool., xiii, 1888, p. 53.

Pandion haliaetus carolinensis [3) Belding, Land Birds Pac. Dist., 1890, p. 46. (6)
Grinnell, Pasadena Acad. Sci., i, 1897, pp. 9, 14. (7) Breninger, Auk, xxi, 1904, p.
219. (S) Mearns, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., i.vi, 1907, p. 141. (.9) Linton, Condor, x,
1908, p. 83. (10) Willett, Pac. Coast Avif., 7, 1912, p. 49. (ll) Grinnell, Pac. Coast
Avif., 11, 1915, p. 69.

Fairly common breeder on some of the islands, but the majority seem to win-
ter south of us. I think it doubtful if any of these birds nest on the Coronados,
and have seen but one in that locality, this on June 30, 1913. We noted a good
many at San Clemente in the early spring of 1915, and were told of a number
of nests; C. B. Linton (9) says that they are plentiful at San Nicolas. Present
in some numbers at Catalina, but not as abundant as formerly, owing to the de-
predations of the tourists. Still every detached rock of any height has its resi-
dent pair. C. P. Streator (i) reported the species from Santa Cruz in 1886, and
Linton (3) noted one bird there, November 20, 1907. These two are the north-
ernmost island records, and it is not believed that the species breeds on the isl-
ands, north of Catalina. The time for egg laying seems to vary considerably. I
have found fresh eggs as early as March 7, and have watched birds constructing
a nest April 28.

93. Aluco pratincola (Bonaparte)

Barn Owl

Strix pratincola (1) Linton, Condor, x, 1908, p. 127.

Aluco pratincola (2) van Rossem, Condor, xi, 1909, p. 208. (3) Howell and van Rossem,
Condor, xiii, 1911, p. 209. ('/) Willett, Pac. Coast Avif., 7, 1912, p. 50. (5) Grin-
nell, Pac. Coast Avif., 11, 1915, p. 69.

Tyto perlata pratincola (6) Ridgway, Birds North & Mid. Am., vi, 1914, p. 607.

Rather rare resident of some of the islands. A. van Rossem (,2) saw one on
the Coronados, April 9, 1909. which I am inclined to think was a straggler from
the mainland, as no one else has met with it there, and this group has been very
thoroughly worked. G. Willett (1) shot a specimen on Santa Cruz, November 20,
1907, and A. van Rossem and I saw one there on the night of April 27, 1911. H.
C. Burt (4) collected a bird on Anacapa.

94. Asio wilsonianus (Lesson)

LONG-EARED OWL
Asio wilsonianus (/) Linton, Condor, xi, 1909, p. 194. (:2) van Rossem, Condor, xi, 1909,

1917 BIRDS OF THE SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ISLANDS 59

p. 208. (;}) Willett, Pac. Coast Avif., 7, 1912, p. 50. (',) Grinnell, Pac. Coast Avif.,
11, 1915, p. 69.

Ratlier rare resident of San Cleniente and Catalina. Aecidental on the Cor-
onados, where J. B. Dixon {:2) saw one xVpril 7, 1909. C. B. Linton (]) met with
four, on(> of which lie sliot, on San Clemente, diirinp: Deeemher, 1908. 0. W.
Howard (.V) found six nearly half-^i'own yoiingc in an old raven's nest on Cata-
lina in April, 1909, and I saw a single adult in the same locality, April 13, 1910.

95. Asio flammeus (Pontoppidan)

Short-eared Owl

Asio flammeus (/) Grinnell, Auk, xv, 1898, p. 234. (2) Willett, Pac. Coast Avif., 7, 1912,

p. 50.
Asio accipitrinus (.?) Osburn, Condor, xi, 1909, p. 137.

Casual wanderer to the islands. J. Grinnell (1) saw a newly mounted spe-
cimen of this owl on Catalina during the latter part of December, 1897, that had
been shot the week before.

96. Bubo virginianus pacificus Cassin

Pacific Horned Owl
Bubo virginianus pacificus ( / ) Willett, Pac. Coast AviL, 7, 1912, p. 53.

O. W. Howard {1) saw a horned owl on Santa Cruz Island, April 29, 1906,
which was presumably this form. It may either be a rare resident of the island,
or the one specimen may have w^andered from the mainland.

97. Speotyto cunicularia hypogaea (Bonaparte)

Burrowing Owl

Athene cunicularia (i) Cooper, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., iv, 1870, p. 77.

8ipeotyto'\. cunicularia hypogaea (2) Streator, Orn. & Ool., xiii, 1888, p. 54.

Speotyto cunicularia hypogaea (3) Townsend, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xiii, 1890, p. 140.
('/) Keeler, Zoe, i, 1891, p. 340. (.',) Grinnell, Auk, xv, 1898, p. 234. (6) Breninger,
Auk, XXI, 1904, p. 222. (7) Mearns, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., lvi, 1907, p. 141. (.S) Lin-
ton, Condor, x, 1908, p. 84. (.0) Linton, Condor, x, 1908, p. 127. (10) van Rossem,
Condor, xi, 1909, p. 208. (//) Willett, Pac. Coast Avif., 7, 1912, p. 53. (12) Ridg-
way, Birds North & Mid. Am., vi, 1914, p. 817.

Burrowing Owl (13) Willett, Condor, xii, 1910, p. 172. (IJi) Burt, Condor, xiii, 1911, p.
166.

Resident on the islands but not common. A. van Rossem {10) shot a female
on the Coronados, April 8, 1909, but it must be rare there as I have never ob-
served it during any of my visits. C. A. Keeler (4) recorded the species from
San Nicolas as well as from San Clemente, on certain parts of which it is to be
found in some numbers. J. Grinnell (.5) saw one on Catalina during December,
1897, and was told that it was quite numerous at times. I saw a single individual
here several times in April, 1911. It seems to be lacking on Santa Barbara Isl-
and. H. C. Burt {14) was informed that the species had been seen at different
times on Anacapa. C. B. Linton {9) reports the bird as fairly conunon in suita-
ble ])]a('es on Santa Cruz, and states that they average a trifle paler than mainland

60 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No. 12

specimens, with slightly different measurements. Mr. Ward, in charge of San
Miguel Island, told Willett (13) that there were a few there.

98. Ceryle alcyon (Linnaeus)

Belted Kingfisher

Ceryle alcyon (1) Blake, Auk, iv, 1887, p. 329. (2) Streator, Orn. & Ool., xiii, 1888, p.
53. (3) Keeler, Zoe, i, 1891, p. 339. (.}) Grinnell, Pasadena Acad. Sci., i, 1897, p.
14. (.5) Grinnell, Auk, xv, 1898, p. 234. (6) Mearns, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., lvi,
1907, p. 141. (7) Linton, Condor, x, 1908, p. 84. (8) Linton, Condor, x, 1908, p. 127.
(.9) Grinnell, Condor, x, 1908, p. 130. (10) Osburn, Condor, xi, 1909, p. 137. (11)
Willett, Pac. Coast Avif., 7, 1912, p. 84.

Regular migrant to the islands. A. van Rossem saw one on the Coronados,
August 18, 1914. One was seen almost daily about oiir camp on San Clemente in
late March and early April. 1915, and it has been recorded from there in the
fall. J. Grinnell (.5) found it fairly common at Catalina in December, 1897, and
he (9) shot one on Anacapa, September 4, 1903. Reported in some numbers by
various writers from July to December on Santa Cruz.

99. Sphyrapicus ruber ruber (Gmelin)

Red-breasted Sapsucker

Sphyrapicus varius nuchalis (i) Linton, Condor, x, 1908, p. 84. (2) Ridgway, Birds

North & Mid. Am., vi, 1914, p. 280. (3) Grinnell, Pac. Coast Avif.. 11, 1915, p. 80.
Sphyrapicus ruber ruber (.J) Willett, Pac. Coast Avif., 7, 1912, p. 56.

Rather rare winter visitant to the larger islands. C. B. Linton (1) took two
immature birds of this form on San Clemente, October 11, 1907, which he erron-
eously recorded as S. v. nucliaUs. I have seen their marks on trees on Catalina,
and April 8, 1911. I caught sight of a distant bird which was probably of this
species. On Santa Cruz Island, during the latter part of April, A. van Rossem
and I repeatedly saw trees tliat had been worked on by some sapsucker.

100. Asyndesmus lewisi Riley

Lewis Woodpecker
Asyndesmus lewisi (1) Dawson, Condor, xvii, 1915, p. 204.

On Santa Cruz Island, April 4, 1915. W. L. Dawson (1) saw a single indi-
vidual on one of the outlying barns of the main ranch. It was not again encoun-
tered.

101. Colaptes cafer coUaris Vigors

Red-shafted Flicker

Colaptes mexicanus (J) Cooper, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., iv, 1870, p. 77.

Colaptes (2) Blake, Auk, iv, 1887, p. 329.

Colaptes cafer (3) Streator, Orn. & Ool., xiii, 1888, p. 53. ( '/ ) Grinnell, Auk, xv, 1898, p.

234. (5) Mailliard, Bull. Cooper Orn. Club, i, 1899, p. 44. (6) Oberholser, Proc. U.

S. Nat. Mus., XXII, 1900, p. 229.
Colaptes cafer (?) (7) Keeler, Zoe, i, 1891, p. 339.
Colaptes cafer collaris (8) Richardson, Condor, x, 1908, p. fifi. (9) Linton, Condor, x,

1917 BIRDS OF THE SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ISLANDS 61

1908, p. 127. (10) Howell and van Rossem, Condor, xiii, 1911, p. 209. (11) Willett,
Pac. Coast Avif., 7, 1912, p. 57. (12) Wright and Snyder, Condor, xv, 1913, p. 91.
Clolaptes]. aUiratus]. luteus (13) Howell and van Rossem, Condor, xiii, 1911, p. 209.

Rather common resident of Santa Cruz, and present on Catalina during the
winter at least. J. Grinnell (i) met with these birds in some numbers on Cata-
lina during December, 1897, flushing them from the north slopes, where they
were digging in the damp turf for larvae. I have noted two or three here in
early April. C. H. Richardson (8) considers them to be merely winter visitants
in this locality, as he was unable to find any old nesting holes. H. Linton (MS)
shot one on San Nicolas in May, 1910, which he presented to G. Willett.

Numerous on Santa Cruz, and although no nests have been reported, they
surely breed as they are present throughout the year. A. van Rossem and I
found them exceedingly shy. We stated (10, 13) that many birds were seen in
which the usual red was replaced by yellow, and judged accordingly that there
were also Northern Flickers present, or at least hybrids which closely approached
the latter. I have since changed this opinion, and consider, that whatever may
be the correct explanation of the occurrence of the so-called hybrid flickers that
are reported from many parts of the west, the birds of Santa Cruz are amenable
to the same influences that cause the red of the linnets here often to be replaced
by yellow.

102, Phalaenoptilus nuttalli californicus Ridgway

Dusky Poor-will

Phalaenoptilus nuttalli californicus (1) Grinnell, Pasadena Acad. Sci., i, 1897, p. 14. (2)
Mearns, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., lvi, 1907, p. 142. (3) Richardson, Condor, x, 1908, p.
66. (4) Willett, Pac. Coast Avif., 7, 1912, p. 57. (5) Grinnell, Pac. Coast Avif., 11,
1915, p. 84.

A regular but not common migrant through the southern islands. J. Grin-
nell (1) says that on San Clemente from March 30 to April 2, 1897, this bird
was heard each evening, and a female was secured March 31. As no one else has
heard them there, the above would indicate that perhaps there was an unusually
heavy migratory wave of them passing through that year. C. H. Richardson (3)
has seen them occasionally in April on Catalina, and during 1911 I saw two birds
on the 8th of that month and another on the 10th. 0. W. Howard (MS) shot a
bird on Anacapa Island,' April 6, 1906.

103. Chordeiles acutipennis texensis Lawrence

Texas Nighthawk

Chordeiles acutipennis texensis (1) Willett, Pac. Coast Avif., 7, 1912, p. 58. (2) Grin-
nell, Pac. Coast Avif., 11, 1915, p. 85.

G. Willett (1) shot an adult female on Santa Barbara Island, June 20, 1911,
and dissection showed her to be breeding. Although a careful search was made
during the succeeding days, her mate could not be located, and it is barely possi-
ble that she liad wandered over from one of the larger islands the night before.

62 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No. 12

104. Chaetura vaiixi (J. K. Townsend)

Vaux Swift

Chaetura vauxi (1) Mailliard, Bull. Cooper Orn. Club, i, 1899, p. 44. (2) Willett, Pac.
Coast Avif., 7, 1912, p. 59.

Noted by J. Mailliard (i) on Santa Cruz Island during- April, 1898.

105. Aeronautes melanoleucus (Baird)

White-throated Swift

Aeronautes melanoleucus (1) Grinnell, Pasadena Acad. Sci., i, 1897, pp. 9, 15. (?) Mail-
liard, Bull. Cooper Orn. Club, i, 1899, p. 43. (3) Breninger, Auk, xxi, 1904, p. 220.
(4) Mearns, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., lvi, 1907, p. 142. (5) Richardson, Condor, x, 1908,
p. 66. (6) Linton, Condor, x, 1908, p. 84. (7) Linton, Condor, x, 1908, p. 127. (N)
Osburn, Condor, xi, 1909, p. 137. (9) Ridgway, Birds North & Mid. Am., v, 1911, p.
688. (10) Willett, Pac. Coast Avif., 7, 1912, p. 59. (Jl) Grinnell, Pac. Coast Avif.,
11, 1915, p. 86.

Aeronantes melanoleucus (12) Wright, Condor, xi, 1909, p. 100.

White-throated Swift (13) Willett, Condor, xii, 1910, p. 171.

Fairly common on most of the islands, and evidently breeding in suitable
localities. A. van Rossem and I noted a small flock on the Coronados, June 25,
1913, and the former shot a female which contained a well developed egg. They
were probably nesting on the high sand-stone cliffs on the south side of south
island. J. Grinnell (1) records this species from San Nicolas in May, 1897; on
San Clemente, D. R. Dickey, L. M. Huey and I saw them several times in the
early spring of 1915. Here at Howland's Bay, C. B. Linton (6) saw them enter-
ing crevices in the cliffs, March 7, 1907. I have repeatedly observed them dart-
ing about the high ridges of Catalina in the spring, and G. Willett (13) found a
number of them present on Anacapa, June 5, 1910. A. van Rossem and I saw
small flocks on Santa Cruz the latter part of April, 1911, and C, B. Linton (7)
recorded several there in December, 1907.

106. Calypte costae (Bourcier)

Costa Hummingbird

Calypte costae (1) Grinnell, Pasadena Acad. Sci., i, 1897, p. 15. (2) Mearns, Bull. U. S.
Nat. Mus., LVI, 1907, p. 142. (3) Willett, Pac. Coast Avif., 7, 1912, p. 60. (J,) Grin-
nell, Pac. Coast Avif., 11, 1915, p. 86.

Breeds on some of the islands. During several visits to the Coronados in
spring, I have found this hummer frequenting the low bushes that straggle over
the cliff bordering the cove on south island. It seems to be a fairly common
breeder and is very much in evidence near its home site, making pugnacious sal-
lies after other birds and even attacking any gull that chances near. J. Grinnell
(1) records a single adult male on San Clemente, March 30, 1897, but considers
that it was merely a migrant. G. Willett (3) found it rather common among the
cactus patches of Santa Barbara Island in June, 1911, and on the 19th, noted a
female feeding young just out of the nest.

1917 BIRDS OF THE SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ISLANDS 63

107. Calypte anna (Lesson)

Anna Hummingbird

Calypte anna (1) Cooper, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., iv, 1870, p. 78. (2) Grinnell, Auk, xv,
1898, p. 235. (3) Mailliard, Bull. Cooper Orn. Club, i, 1899, pp. 42, 44. (//) Richard-
son, Condor, x, 1908, p. 66. (5) Linton, Condor, x 1908 p. 127. (G) Osburn, Condor,
XI, 1909, p. 137. (7) Ridgway, Birds North & Mid Am., v, 1911, p. 621. (8) Willett,
Pac. Coast Avif., 7, 1912, p. 60. (.9) Grinnell, Pac. Coast Avif., 11, 1915, p. 87.

Not rare on the islands, breeding on some of them at least. May 17, 1910,
I saw a single male of this species on the Coronados. On San Clemente, for sev-
eral days during the latter part of IMarch, 1915, one collected bits of cotton from
tlie vicinity of our skinning table. At Catalina J. Grinnell {2) shot an adult
female and saw another the last of December, 1897, which indicates that they may
spend the entire winter in that locality, and C. H. Richardson (i) saw a few-
there in April. C. B. Linton (5) found them to be fairly common on Santa Cruz
during November and December, 1907, and A. van Rossem and I saw several
there the latter part of April, 1911, the former taking two males on the 29th and
30th. respectively.

108. Selasphorus alleni Henshaw

Allen Hummingbird

Selasphorus rufus (/) Cooper, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., iv, 1870, p. 78. (2) Cooper, Land
Birds Calif., i, 1870, p. 356.

Trochilus rufus (3) Blake, Auk, iv, 1887, p. 329. (-J) Keeler, Zoe, i, 1891, p. 339.

Selasphorus alleni. (J) Grinnell, Pasadena Acad. Sci., i, 1897, p. 15. (H) Grinnell, Auk,
XV, 1898, p. 234. (7) Grinnell, Bull. Cooper Orn. Club, i, 1899, p. 18. (8) Mailliard,
Bull. Cooper Orn. Club, i, 1899, pp. 42, 44. (.9) Oberholser, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus.,
XXII, 1900, p. 230. {10) Grinnell, Pac. Coast Avif., 3, 1902, p. 41. {11) Mearns, Bull.
U. S. Nat. Mus., Lvi, 1907, p. 142. {12) Richardson, Condor, x, 1908, p. 66. {13) Lin-
ton, Condor, x, 1908, p. 84. {IJ,) Linton, Condor, x, 1908, p. 127. {l.j) Wright, Con-
dor, XI, 1909, p. 100. {16) van Rossem Condor, xi, 1909, p. 208. {11) Willett, Con-
dor, XII, 1910, p. 171. {18) Ridgway, Birds North & Mid. Am., v, 1911, p. 610. {19)
Willett, Pac. Coast Avif., 7, 1912, p. 61. {20) Snyder, Condor, xvi, 1914, p. 182. {21)
Shepardson, Condor, xvii, 1915, p. 130. {22) Grinnell, Pac. Coast Avif., 11, 1915,
p. 88.

Common resident. On the Coronados A. van Rossem {16) found these birds
to be very common in April, 1909, and H. Wright {15) noted what he believed to
be this form the last part of June, 1908. On San Clemente J. Grinnell (.5) met
with them commonly along the ravines, the latter part of ::\Iarch, 1897, and one
nest was found. This, as well as a number of other nests found by C. B. Linton
{13), was composed chiefly of sheeps wool, with the usual covering of lichens and
plant fiber.

The species is especially abundant on Catalina, where I have observed that
the birds are partial to the clumps of wild tobacco, though not by any means con-
fined to its vicinity. As an instance of its numbers here, G. K. Snyder {20) dur-
ing fifty-five minutes on March 20, 1914, examining, with the aid of a cumber-
some ladder, about thirty trees for possible nests, discovered and inspected elev-

64 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No. 12

en. Several of these were newly completed, and two held young almost ready to
fly. This hummingbird breeds mostly in the trees above stream beds.

J. G. Cooper {!) reported the species from Santa Barbara Island, and V. W.
Owen {17) saw a male on the top of Anacapa, June 5, 1910. On Santa Cruz, A.
van Rossem and I remarked a few the last of April, 1911, E. W. Blake (-5) re-
corded the species as very common in July and August, while C. B. Linton {14)
saw several and shot a male, November 24, 1907,

109. Tyrannus verticalis Say

Arkansas Kingbird

Tyrannus verticalis (1) Mailliard, Bull. Cooper Orn. Club, i, 1899, p. 45. (2) Linton,
Condor, x, 1908, p. 82.

Casual migrant. On San Clemente C. B. Linton (,2) saw one of these birds
April 3, 1907, and another on the 5th. J. Mailliard {1) took a specimen on Santa
Cruz in April, 1898, and W. L. DaM'son {MS) saw two in the same locality, one
on April 6, 1915, and the other on the 19th.

110. Tyrannus vociferans Swainson

Cassin Kingbird

Tyrannus vociferans (i) Linton, Condor, x, 1908, p. 127. (2) van Rossem, Condor, xi,
1909, p. 208. (3) Grinnell, Pac. Coast Avif., 11, 1915, p. 89.

Occasional migrant. A. van Rossem {2) recorded a pair from the Corona-
dos in April, 1909. On Santa Cruz C. B. Linton {1) saw a bird November 24,
1907, which he believes was of this species.

111. Mjdarchus cinerascens cinerascens (Lawrence)

Ash-throated Flycatcher

Accidental on the islands. J. Grinnell {MS) obtained a good view of one of
these birds among some walnut trees on Santa Cruz Island, Septem])er 3, 1903.

112. Sayornis sayus (Bonaparte)

Say Phoebe

Sayornis saya (J) Grinnell, Auk, xv, 1898, p. 235. (2) Breninger, Auk, xxi, 1904, p. 223.

(5) Linton, Condor, x, 1908, p. 84. (4) Linton, Condor, x, 1908, p. 127. (.5) Osburn,

Condor, xi, 1909, p. 137,
Sayornis sayus (6) Grinnell, Pac. Coast Avif., 11, 1915, p. 90.

A not uncommon winter visitant. C. B. Linton {3) says that on San Cle-
mente these birds are common over the whole island in winter, and I saw one
there as late as April 11, 1915. J. Grinnell {1) noted the species in some num-
bers on Catalina the latter part of December, 1897, and C. B. Linton {MS) has
seen it on San Nicolas in January. At Santa Cruz Island the latter writer re-
corded it as fairly common during November and December, 1907.

1917 BIRDS OF THE SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ISLANDS 65

113. Sayornis nigricans (Swainson)

Black Phoebe

Sayornis nigricans (1) Blake, Auk, iv, 1887, p. 329. (2) Streator, Orn. & Ool., xiii, 1888,
p. 54. (S) Keeler, Zoe, i, 1891, p. 339. (//) Grinnell, Auk, xv, 1898, p. 234. (J)
Mailliard, Bull. Cooper Orn. Club, i, 1899, p. 45. (0) Oberholser, Proc. U. S. Nat.
Mus., XXII, 1900, p. 230. (7) Brenlnger, Auk, xxi, 1904, p. 223. (8) Richardson,
Condor, x, 1908, p. 67. (.9) Linton, Condor, x, 1908, p. 84. {10) Linton, Condor, x,
1908, p. 127. {11) Willett, Pac. Coast Avif., 7, 1912, p. 63. {l.i) Wright and Snyder,
Condor, xv, 1913, p. 91. {12) Grinnell, Pac. Coast Avif., 11, 1915, p. 90.

Resident bat not in large numbers. C. A. Keeler (5) recorded this species
from San Nicolas. On San Clemente it is rather rare and confined to the north-
west coast. C. B. Linton (.9) fonnd an unfinished nest there ^March 20, 1907, and
1 saw a single bird Alarch 27, 1915, tbe only one during a three weeks stay. At
(yatalina 1 have seen occasional birds during April, and J. Grinnell (i) noted
three in December. 1897. It was present, but not in numbers, on Santa Cruz
when A. van Rossem and I were there in late April. 1911. A nest which we kept
under observation contained pipped eggs April 26. Linton {10) found it fairly
common here during November and December, 1907. V. P. Streator (6) took
two adults on Santa Rosa in July. 1892.

114. Myiochanes richardsoni richardsoni (Swainson)

Western Wood Pewee

Contopus richardsonii {1) Grinnell, Pasadena Acad. Sci., i, 1897, pp. 10, 15.
Horizopus richardsonii {2) Mearns, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., lvi, 1907, p. 142.
Contopus richardsoni richardsoni {3) Linton, Condor, x, 1908, p. 127.
Myiochanes richardsoni richardsoni (//) Willett, Pac. Coast Avif., 7, 1912, p. 64.

A not uncommon migrant. L. M. Hiiey (318) shot a female on the Corona-
dos, May 18, 1913, and the same day saw about four others flycatching from the
large boulders near the water. On San Clemente, J. Grinnell (1) saw one June
3, 1897, and considers that although rather late in the season, it was a migrant.
He took a female on San Nicolas Island, May 20, and a male on the 23rd. C. B.
Linton (.5) states that he heard several among the pines of Santa Cruz Island in
December, 1907, but collected no birds. As this is two months after they leave
southern California, and there is not another winter record for the state, it is ex-
tremely likely that Linton was mistaken in supposing that the notes which he
heard emanated from this species.

115. Empidonax difficilis difficilis Baird

Western Flycatcher

Empidonax difficilis (/) Blake, Auk, iv, 1887, p. 329. (2) Keeler, Zoe, i, 1891, p. 339.
{3) Mailliard, Bull. Cooper Orn. Club, i, 1899, p. 45. (//) Richardson, Condor, x,
1908, p. 67. {.')) Linton, Condor, x, 1908, p. 84. {(i) Linton, Condor, x, 1908, p. 127.
(7) Osburn, Condor, xi, 1909, p. 137.

Em.pidonax insulicola (8) Oberholser, Auk, xiv, 1897, p. 300. {!>) Grinnell, Pasadena
Acad. Sci., i, 1897, p. 15. {10) Black, Auk, xiv, 1897, p. 405. {11) Mailliard, Bull.
Cooper Orn. Club, i, 1899, p. 42. {12) Oberholser, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xxii, 1900,
p. 230. {13) A. O. U. Committee, Auk, xviii, 1901. p. 302. (IJ,) Bailey, Handb.

66 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No. 12

Birds West. U. S., 2d ed., 1904, p. 260. (15) Grinnell, Condor, vii, 1905, p. 50. {16)
C(hilds), Warbler, ii, 1906, p. 33. (17) Grinnell, Condor, viii, 1906, p. 74. (18)
Mearns, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., lvi, 1907, p. 141. (19) A. O. U. Committee, Auk, xxv,
1908, p. 353.

E[mpiclonax'\. insulicola (20) Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 5th ed., 1903, p. 531.

Empidonax difficilis difficilis (21) Ridgway, Birds North & Mid. Am., iv, 1907, p. 578.
(22) Willett, Fac. Coast Avif., 7, 1912, p. 64. (23) Wright and Snyder, Condor, xv,
1913, p. 91. (2^) Grinnell, Pac. Coast Avif., 11, 1915, p. 91.

Common in summer on the larger islands. The subspecies insulicola was
described by H. C. Oberholser (8) from a specimen taken on Santa Rosa Island,
July 3, 1892. From difficilis it was said to differ in being darker, browner
above, especially the head, and paler below, especially anteriorly. There is a
great deal of individual and seasonal variation in birds from the mainland, and
upon bringing large series together since that time, other writers have claimed
that the insular bird was not entitled to subspecific rank, wherefore it was sub-
sequently rejected by the A. 0. U. Committee (19).

C. B. Linton (5) states that the earliest birds he saw on Clemente were a
pair on April 1, 1907, and that but three or four were noted as late as October.
They are quite numerous on Catalina and mostly frequent the shady dark parts
of the canyons. A. van Rossem and I found the species to be not particularly
numerous and rather shy on Santa Cruz in April, 1911. Linton (ff) saw and
heard several there throughout November and as late as December 15, 1907.

A variety of situations are used as nesting sites, the favorite being in an ir-
regularity of a cliff or large boulder; but the fork of a small tree, a niche in a
large trunk, or the wall of a sea cave is often chosen. Two broods are raised each
season. I have found uncompleted nests after the middle of April, and "Black*'
(E. W. Blake) (10) has noted a pair building as late as July 10, 1886.

116. Empidonax trailli trailli (Audubon)

Traill Flycatcher

Empidonax traillii (1) Osburn, Condor, xi, 1909, p. 137.

C. C. Lamb (MS) shot one of these birds on the south island of the Corona-
dos group April 4, 1908.

117. Empidonax hammondi (Xantus)

Hammond Flycatcher

Empidonax hammondi ? (1) Cooper, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., iv, 1870, p. 77.

L. M. Iluey {MS) shot a single specimen on San Clemente Island, April 9,
1915. Also reported conditionally by J. G. Cooper (i) from Catalina and Santa
Barbara islands. However, as the latter failed to report difficilis in the same
paper, it is quite possible that the birds which he saw were referable to the lat-
ter species.

1917 BIRDS OF THE SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ISLANDS 67

118. Otocoris alpestris insularis C. H. Townsend

Island Horned Lark

Phileremos cornutus (1) Cooper, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., iv, 1870, p. 78.

Eremophila alpestris var. chrysolaema {2) Henshaw, Rep. Wheeler Surv., 1876, p. 248.

Otocoris alpestris rubea (3) Henshaw, Auk, iii, 1886, p. 453.

Otocoris alpestris — ^ {4) Blake, Auk, iv, 1887, p. 329.

Oltocoris]. alpestris ruhea (5) Streator, Orn. & Ool., xiii, 1888, p. 54.

Otocoris alpestris strigata (6) Dwight, Auk, vii, 1890, pp. 151, 158. (7) Keeler, Zoe, i,
1891, p. 339. (8) Grinnell, Pasadena Acad. Sci., i, 1897, pp. 5, 10, 16. (.9) Davie,
Nests & Eggs N. Am. Bircis, 5th ed., 1898, p. 318.

Otocoris alpestris insularis (10) Townsend, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xiir, 1890, p. 140. iJl)
Bendire, Life Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1895, p. 347. (12) Mailliard, Bull. Cooper Orn.
Club, I, 1899, p. 41. (IS) Oberholser, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xxii, 1900, p. 230. {!',)
Oberholser, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xxiv, 1902, p. 839. (J.J) A. O. U. Committee, Auk,
XX, 1903, p. 345. (Id) Breninger, Auk, xxi, 1904, p. 222. (/7) Mearns, Bull. U. S.
Nat. Mus., LVi, 1907, p. 141. (IS) Ridgway, Birds North & Mid. Am., iv, 1907, p. 317.
(19) Linton, Condor, x, 1908, p. 84. (20) Linton, Condor, x, 1908, p. 181. (21) A. O.
U. Check-list, 3d ed., 1910, p. 221. (22) Howell and van Rossem, Condor, xiii, 1911,
p. 209. (23) Willett, Pac. Coast Avif., 7, 1912, p. 66. (24) Grinnell, Pac. Coast Avif.,
8, 1912, p. 16. (2.j) Wright and Snyder, Condor, xv, 1913, p. 91. (2(i) Grinnell, Pac.
Coast Avif., 11, 1915, p. 95.

Horned Lark (21) Beck, Bull. Cooper Orn. Club, i, 1899. p. 85. (28) Willett, Condor,

XII, 1910, p. 171.

Otocoris insularis (29) Grinnell, Pac. Coast Avif., 3, 1902, p. 45. (30) Linton, Condor,

x, 1908, p. 127.
Oltocorys'i. a[.lp^stris\. insularis (31) Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 5th ed., 1903, p. 508.
0[tocoris'\. aUpestris]. insularis (32) Bailey, Handb. Birds West. U. S., 2d ed., 1904, p.

269. (33) Reed, N. Am. Birds' Eggs, 1904, p. 228.
Otocoris allpestris]. insularis (34) Willett, Condor, xii, 1910, p. 172. (35) Burt, Condor,

XIII, 1911, pp. 164, 166.

Resident of the islands. Abundant on some of them and rather rare on oth-
ers. Not found on the Coronados. This subspecies was originally described by
C. H. Townsend (10) from an adult male taken on San Clemente, January 25,
1889. It differs from actia in its decidedly darker coloration, and from strigata
in being slightly darker, with the buffy markings grayer, and undei-parts of
body usually without yellow. Regarding this form Ridgway (18) says ''The
characters .... are most pronounced in specimens from the more north-
ern islands of San Miguel, Santa Rosa and Santa Cruz, those from the more south-
ern islands of San Clemente, Santa Barbara, San Nicolas and Santa Catalina in-
clining towards the mainland form, 0. a. actia, thus indicating the origin of this
insular form." This would probably indicate that the island form originated
from the latter, but the more northern islands, having a damper climate, would
tend to create characters more closely approaching those of strigata of the humid
northwest. (See also Oberholser [14].)

C. B. Linton (30) secured one of these birds, a male, from a large flock at
Alamitos Bay, Los Angeles County, on January 18, 1908 (the date given in the
l)ublished record is erroneous). It may be a regular winter visitant to the main-
land coast, but I think it more likely that this bird was either an individual that

68 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No. 12

had accidentally wandered from the islands, or a case of unusual variation of
actia.

D. R. Dickey, L. ]\I. Huey and I found horned larks most abundant on the
open uplands of the northwest end of San Clemente in the spring of 1915.
Young on the wing were noted March 25; and during the first week in April sec-
ond sets were being laid with remarkable uniformity. A number of nests were
found, containing either two or three eggs. They were located at the edge of the
ice plants, or in the lee of a wisp of grass.

J. Grinnell (8) says that it was the commonest species on San Nicolas, but
that (MS) on Catalina horned larks were decidedly rare except at the northwest
end. Here he heard them on the hillsides near Johnson's Harbor, August 27,
1903; G. Willett (MS) saw them occasionally on this part of the island during
March, 1905. On Santa Barbara Island the larks are every wliere under one's
feet. A nest which I discovered ^lay 1, 1910, held a single egg and was of the
usual construction, flimsily built of dry grass only. II. ('. Burt (.55) reports the
species as common on Anacapa.

A number of observers have found it in numbers on the more exposed por-
tions of Santa Cruz Island, but it is inclined to be local here, for in the vicinity
of Prisoner's Harbor in the spring of 1911, A. van Rossem and I made a very
diligent search for it without results. H. W. Henshaw (11) found a nest here,
placed in one of a large pile of abalone shells, overgrown with herbage. He said
that horned larks occurred in flocks of both sexes all through June.

G. Willett (34) found this to be one of the commonest land birds on San Mig-
uel. They had evidently raised one brood and were starting to nest again the mid-
dle of June, 1910. Here, on June 21 of the same year, 0. W. Howard (23) collect-
ed a set of three eggs, in which incubation had begun. Several have reported the
species from Santa Rosa, but it does not seem to be especially abundant there.
Eggs are indistinguishable from those of actia. From the above dates I .judge
that tliis subspecies must raise at least three broods a season.

119. Aphelocoma insulaxis Henshaw

Santa Cruz Jay

Cyanocitta floridana var., calif ornica (/) Henshaw, Rep. Wheeler Surv., 1876, p. 253.

Aphelocoma insularis (2) Henshaw, Auk, ni, 1886, p. 452. (3) Ridgway, Man. N. Am.
Birds, 1887, p. 593. (f) Blake, Auk, iv, 1887, p. 329. (5) Streator, Orn. & Ool.,
xiii, 18B8, p. 53. (6) Chapman, Auk, v, 1888, p. 396. (7) A. O. U. Committee, Auk,
VI, 1889, p. 11. (8) Townsend, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xiii, 1890, p. 141. (.')) Belding,
Land Birds Pac. Dist., 1890, p. 111. (10) Keeler, Zoe, i, 1891, pp. 339, 342. (11)
Bendire, Life Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1895, p. 379. (12) Davie, Nests & Eggs N. Am.
Birds, 5th ed., 1898, p. 326. (13) Mailliard, Bull. Cooper Orn. Club, i, 1899, p. 42.
(///) Mailliard, Condor, ii, 1900, p. 42. (/.7) Oberholser, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xxii,
1900, p. 230. (16) Grinnell, Pac. Coast Avif., 3, 1902, p. 46. (/7) Reed, N. Am.
Birds' Eggs, 1904, p. 232. (18) Bailey, Handb. Birds West. U. S., 2d ed., 1904, p. 276.
(19) Ridgway, Birds North & Mid. Am., iii, 1904, p. 331. (20) Linton, Condor, x,
1908, p. 127. (21) A. O. U. Check-list, 3d ed., 1910, p. 225. (22) Howell and van
Rossem, Condor, xiii, 1911, p. 209. (23) Willett, Pac. Coast Avif., 7, 1912, p. 68. (24)
Grinnell, Pac. Coast Avif., 8, 1912, p. 18. (2.'>) Wright and Snyder, Condor, xv, 1913,

1917 BIRDS OF THE SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ISLANDS 69

p. 91. (.id) Grinnell, Pac. Coast Avif., 11, 1915, p. 98. (2"!) Dawson, Condor, xvii,

1915, p. 203.
Alphelocoma^. insularis (2S) Ridgway, Man. N. Am. Birds. 1887, p. .355. (2!t) Coues,

Key N. Am. Birds, 5th ed., 1903, p. 498.
Santa Cruz Jay (30) Beck, Bull. Cooper Orn. Club, i, 1S99, p. 6.

Peculiar to Santa Cruz Island, where it is an abundant resident. This s|)e-
cies was first described by H. W. Henshaw (3) from three birds collected by liiiii
in June, 1875. In coloration it most nearly approaches A. c. ohscura, but is very
much darker and much larger. It differs from californica in greater size, deeper
colors, especially the brown of the back, and in having blue instead of white un-
din- tail coverts. As with the mainland birds, the males are larger than the fe-
males, l)ut not to a degree that can be noticed without comparison of specimens.

During July and August E. W. Blake {4) found the Santa Cruz Ja.v to be
impudently familiar, but when A. van Rossem and I {22) were on the island
during the breeding season, we found the opposite to be the case. Although the
birds were very common, we might easily have overlooked them entirely. Never
a sound did one make unless its mate was shot, and it was useless to try for them
by walking through their haunts. However, if we would select a likel.y spot and
sit quiet for a few moments, one would usually approach from the rear and silent-
ly examine the intruders from a distance of several yards

It is truly surprising to note the number of old jays' nests upon the island.
These must either last for a greater number of years than is the ease elsewhere, or
else the birds are in the habit of building extra or dunnny nests. The favorite
sites seem to l)e in the tops of the local "palo fierro" (ironwood) trees, though
many were noted in low oaks or large bushes, mostly on the sides of the canyons.
Construction is the same as that employed by the mainland form. The latter
part of April, 1911, all the females shot had already laid, and I believe that a
large ma.jority then had small young. Two nests that I examined on the 28th
{22) were some twenty feet up in ironwoods, and held, respectivel.v, two small
young and an addled eg^, and three young, half grown. R. H. Beck {30) found
four nests with eggs May 8, 1898, and I believe that the time for fresh eggs va-
ries considerably in different seasons. Eight of the above eggs average 1.16x.88
inches. Extremes are 1.10 to 1.21, in length, and .84 to .92 in diameter.

In the late fall C. B. Linton {20) found that the birds near the shore were
nearly all females, while in the high pines males predominated. They are not
eiiually common over the entire island, but seem to prefer the neighborhood of
the pines and heavy brush. Smugglers Cove is a good place to look for them.

120. Corvus corax sinuatus Wagler

Raven

Corvus carnivorus (1) Cooper, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., iv, 1870, p. 78. (2) Cooper, Land

Birds Calif., i, 1870, p. 283.
Corvus corax var. carnivorus (.}) Henshaw, Rep. Wheeler Surv., 1876, p. 251.
Corvus corax sinuatus ('/) Blake, Auk, iv, 1887, p. 329. (.7) Streator, Orn. & Ool., xiii,

1888, p. 54. (fj) Keeler, Zoe, i, 1891, p. 339. (7) Zahn, Avifauna, 1, 1895, p. 24. iS)

Grinnell, Pasadena Acad. Sci., i, 1897, pp. 6, 10, 16. (.'') Grinnell, Auk, xv, 1898, p.

234. {10) Mailliard, Bull. Cooper Orn. Club, i, 1899, p. 45. (//) Oberholser, Proc.

70

PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No. 12

U. S. Nat. Mus., XXII, 1900, p. 231. (/,?) Grinnell, Pac. Coast Avif., 3, 1902, p. 46.

(13) Grinnell and Daggett, Auk, xx, 1903, pp. 33, 37. (/'/) Breninger, Auk, xxi, 1904,

p. 219. (15) Richardson, Condor, x, 1908, p. 67. (Id) Linton, Condor, x, 1908, p. 84.

(/7) Linton, Condor, x, 1908, p. 127. (IS) Grinnell, Condor, x. 1908, p. 130. (1!))

Wright, Condor, xi, 1909, p. 100. (20) Osburn, Condor, xi, 1911, p. 137. (21) Burt,

Condor, xm, 1911, p. 167. (22) Howell and van Rosseni, Condor, xiii, 1911, p. 210.

(23) Willett, Pac. Coast Avif., 7, 1912, p. 68. (2'/) Wright and Snyder, Condor, xv,

1913, p. 91. (?.)) Grinnell, Pac. Coast Avif., 11, 1915, p. 99.
Raven (2(>) Beck, Bull. Cooper Orn. Club, i, 1899, p. 86. (27) Willett, Condor, xii, 1910,

p. 172.
Corvus corax clarionensis (28) Ridgway, Birds North & Mid. Am., iii, 1904, p. 264. (2.0)

Mearns, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., lvi, 1907, p. 141.

Common resident. In regjard to the status of the raven of the islands. T
must confess to a feeling of uncertainty. Ridgway (2S) identifies birds from
Clemente and Catalina as C. c. clarionensis, stating that although not quite as
small as the latter in its typical form, excepting the tarsus, they are nevertheless
nearer to it than they are to the mainland birds. Clarionensis is similar to sinu-
atus but smaller, especially the bill, and was described from a single specimen
(Rothschild & Ilartert, Novit. Zool., ix. 1902. p. 881.). The type may have been
merely a particularly small specimen from the locality where it Avas secured. At
any rate, all the island specimens examined average well below the measure-
ments for sinuatus, as given by Ridgway (38). Three skins from my collection,
compare wath Rothschild's type from Clarion Island, Mexico, as follows^

Locality Wingr Tail Culmen Tarsus Toe' Date Sex

Catalina Id 371 217 65 67 42 .5-25-08 9

Catalina Id 370 210 68 70 46 2-11-10 5

Catalina Id 365 216 65 69 42 2-17-10 $

Clarion Id 395 ... 64 70 . . $

'Middle toe without claw.

On the Coronados there are at least two resident pairs, one breeding on the
sandstone cliffs on south island, and the other on the west end of the same. On
San Clemente, G. F. Breninger (11) remarks that during February, 1903, he saw
thirty-eight at one time, and that there were "seven nests within a hundred
yards". Although still decidedly common, they do not uom' occur there in such
great numbers, for they are persistently poisoned by the sheepmen, who assert
that they are in the habit of pecking out the eyes of very young lambs. They are
quite common on San Nicolas Island.

At Catalina there is always a flock of these birds in the vicinity of the garb-
age dump near Avalon. ^lany of them breed in the pockets of the nearby cliffs,
but the birds are so wary that it is no easy matter to locate the nests. I have also
found many old nests in trees in different parts of the island. In such a situa-
tion C. ?I. Richardson (15) took a set of five fresh and one slightly addled egg,
March 19, 1905.

Two or three pairs breed on the cliffs of Santa Barbara Island, where J.
Grinnell (8) states that they evidently subsist on the eggs and young of the sea
birds which nest so numerously in that locality. On Anacajm, II. C. Burt (21)
found a nest ready for eggs Mareli 17, 1911, and is sui-e tliat there was only one

im BIRDS OF THE SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ISLANDS 71

pair on the island. A. van liosseni and I (22) discovered two nests, not twenty
feet apart, on the sea cliffs of Santa Cniz Island, April 28, 1911. Both held
small younjT. While there we occupied a largfc })othole at the base of a cliff, and
Avhen al)sent from camp, these birds would enter to investigate. This was much
to the detriment of a couple of fine sets of eggs which we once left uncovered. G.
AVillett (27) says that these birds are common on San Miguel, and IT. Wriglit
(21) found an old nest on Santa Rosa that evidently belonged to a raven.

121. Molothrus ater obscums (Gmelin)

Dwarf Cowbird
Molothrus ater obscurus (1) Colburn, Condor, xvii, 1915, p. 165.

On September 5, 1914, L. M. Huey (MS) shot an innnature male cowbird on
the Coronados, that was catching flies in the air from a large boulder near the
water's edge. J. Grinnell identified this specimen as M. a. artemisiae, although
he stated that the bill is not quite the right shape for that form. As I am follow-
ing the A. O. U. Check-list, the specimen would fall under the above heading. A.
E. Colburn {1) records the capture of an additional specimen, an adult male,
in the same locality, May 31, 1915.

122. Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus (Bonaparte)

Yellow-headed Blackbird
Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus il) Dawson, Condor, xvii, 1915, p. 204.

While at Santa Cruz Island in the spring of 1915, W. L. Dawson {!) saw a
mounted specimen of this species which had been taken by ]\Ir. Lucchelli, of the
island, during the previous year.

123. Sturnella neglecta Audubon

Western ]\Ieadow^lark

sturnella neglecta (/) Cooper, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., iv, 1870, p. 78. (?) Oberholser,
Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xxii, 1900, p. 231. (3) Mearns, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., lvi, 1907,
p. 142. t'l) Linton, Condor, x, 1908, p. 84. (3) Linton, Condor, x, 1908, p. 128. {<!)
Burt, Condor, xiii, 1911, pp. 164, 166. (7) Willett, Pac. Coast Avif., 7, 1912, p. 71.
(S) Wright and Snyder, Condor, xv, 1913, p. 91. (9) Grinnell, Pac. Coast Avif., 11,
1915, p. 104.

Sturnella magna var. yieglecta (10) Henshaw, Rep. Wheeler Surv., 1876, p. 250.

Sturnella magna neglecta (11) Henshaw, Auk, iii, 1886, p. 453. (12) Streator, Orn. &
Ool., XIII, 1888, p. 54. (13) Keeler, Zoe, i, 1891, p. 339. (/)) Grinnell, Pasadena
Acad. Sci., i, 1897, pp. 6, 16. (i.5) Mailliard, Bull. Cooper Orn. Club, i, 1899, p. 45.
(16) Breninger, Auk, xxi, 1904, p. 222.

Common resident on most of the islands. We found these birds numerous
back from the shore of San Clemente Island in the spring of 1915. D. R. Dickey
saw young on the wdng as early as April 9. J. Grinnell (14) says that specimens
from there taken by him the last of INIarch and first of April, 1897, in comparison
witli birds in corresponding plumage from Pasadena, are darker and have larger
feet. I saw a single Western ]\Ieadowlark on Catalina, April 11, 1911, and a few
on Santa Barbara Island, May 1, 1908. H. C. Burt (6) records Meadowlarks

72 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No. 12

as very common on Anacapa in March, 1911. A. van Kossem and I found them
to be fairly common on the grass lands of Santa Cruz Island in the spring of
1911. A nest of six slightly incubated eggs was found on April 28. H. C. Ober-
holser (2) mentions two specimens taken on San ^liguel in June, 1892, and II.
AVi-iglit (S) noted the species on Santa Rosa, July 10, 1912.

124. Icterus cucuUatus nelsoni Ridgway

Arizona Hooded Oriole

Icterus cucuUatus nelsoni (7) Richardson, Condor, x, 1908, p. 66. (i) Grinnell, Pac.
Coast Avif., 11, 1915, p. 105.

C. II. Richardson (1) heard one of these birds at Catalina, April 16, 1906.
During the middle of April, 1911, and towards the last of that month, 1908, 1
repeatedly saw one or possibly two pairs in the grounds of the Banning resi-
dence, a mile from Avalon. I twice flushed the female from an inaccessible nest
in a palm tree on the lawn, and presume that there were eggs at this date.

125. Icterus bullocki (Swainson)

Bullock Oriole

Icterus hiillocki (/) Mailliard, Bull. Cooper Orn. Club, i, 1899, p. 45. (2) Linton, Con-
dor, X, 1908, p. 84. (.]) van Rossem, Condor, xi, 1909, p. 208. ()) Willett, Pac.
Coast Avif., 7, 1912, p. 72. (.'>) Grinnell, Pac. Coast Avif., 11, 1915, p. 105.

Regular migrant in small numbers. On the Coronados, A. van Rossem (3)
shot a male and saw others during early April, 1909, and I found a dead male
there June 10, 1910. C. B. Linton (3) shot a specimen on San Clemente, March
31, 1907, and another on San Nicolas Island, March 30 or 31, 1910. J. Mailliard
(1) mentions the species as occurring on Santa Cruz during April, 1908, and W.
L. Dawson (MS) saw one there April 20, 1915.

126. Euphagus carolinus (Miiller)

Rusty Blackbird

Euphagus carolinus (/) Linton, Condor, xi, 1909, p. 194. (2) Willett, Pac. Coast Avif.,
7, 1912, p. 72. (3) Grinnell, Pac. Coast Avif., 11, 1915, p. 105.
The only record of the Rusty Blackbird for the state of California is that of
an adult male shot by C. B. Linton (i) on San Clemente Island, November 20,
1908, and now no. 21271, Museum of Vertebrate Zoology at Berkeley.

127. Euphag-us cyanocephalus (Wagler)

Brewer Blackbird

Scolecoph[agus]. 'cyanocephalus (1) Cooper, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., iv, 1870, p. 78.
Scolecophagus cyanocephalus {.2) Streator, Orn. & Ool., xiii, 1888, p. 54. (3) Keeler, Zoe,

I, 1891, p. 340.
Euphagus cyanocephalus (-'/) Grinnell, Pac. Coast Avif., 11, 1915, p. 106.
Brewer Blackbird (5) Willett, Condor, xii, 1910, p. 172.

P^vidently a rather rare straggler to the islands. C. A. Keeler (3) listed this
bird from San Nicolas, and C. P. Streator (;2) met with it in the same locality

ini7 BIRDS OF THE SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ISLANDS 7.3

diu'ing tlie fall of 1886. J. G. Cooper (1) encountered it on Cataliua in October
only, and Mr. Ward, in charge of San Miguel, told G. Willett (5) that there had
been three around his house and barn in the .spring of 1910.

12S. Carpodacus purpureus calif ornicus Uaird

California Purple Finch
Carpodacus purpureas calif ornicus (1) Linton, Condor, x, 1908, p. 128.

C. B. Linton {1) shot one in the pines of Santa Cruz Island, December IG.
1007. and saw several others at the same time.

12!). Carpodacus mexicanus dementis Mearns

San Clemente House Finch

Carpodacus frontalis (/) Cooper, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., iv, 1870, p. 78. (?) Henshaw,
Rep. Wheeler Surv., 1876, p. 238. (3) Townsend, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xiii, 1890, p.
139.

Carpodacus frontalis rhodocolpus ('/) Henshaw, Auk, iii, 1886, p. 4.53. (.7) Blake, Auk,
IV, 1887, p. 330.

Carpodacus mexicanus frontalis (H) Streator, Orn. & Ool., xiii, 1888, p. 53. (7) Keeler,
Zoe, I, 1891, p. 339. (8) Grinnell, Pasadena Acad. Sci., i, 1897, pp. 6, 10, 16. (9)
Grinnell, Auk, xv, 1898, p. 234. (10) Mailliard, Bull. Cooper Orn. Club, i, 1899. pp.
41, 44. (//) Grinnell, Pad Coast Avif., 11, 1915, p. 107.

Carpodacus dementis (12) Mearns, Auk, xv, 1898, p. 258. (13) Grinnell, Pac. Coast
Avif.; 3, 1902, p. 49. (I'l) Grinnell and Daggett, Auk, xx, 1903, pp. 33, 37. (/.T) Lin-
ton, Condor, x, 1908, p. 84. (It;) Linton, Condor, x, 1908, p. 128. (ll) Osburn, Con-
dor, XI, 1909, p. 137.

Carpodacus mexicanus dementis (IS) A. O. U. Committee, Auk, xvi, 1899, p. 114. (19)
McGregor, Condor, ii, 1900, p. 35. (20) Oberholser, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xxii, 1900,
p. 231. (21) Ridgway, Birds North & Mid. Am., i, 1901, p. 140. (22) Reed, N. Am.
Birds' Eggs, 1904, p. 246. (23) Mearns, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., lvi, 1907, p. 141. (2^)
Richardson, Condor, x, 1908, p. 67. (2J) Wright, Condor, xi, 1909, p. 100. (26) A.
0. U. Check-list, 3d ed., 1910, p. 244. (27) Osburn, Condor, xiii, 1911, p. 32. (28)
Howell and van Rossem, Condor, xiii, 1911, p. 210. (29) Willett, Pac. Coast Avif.,
7, 1912, p. 73. (30) Grinnell, Pac. Coast Avif., 8, 1912, p. 20. (31) Wright and Sny-
der, Condor, xv, 1913, p. 91. (32) Grinnell, Pac. Coast Avif., 11, 1915, p. 108.

C'larpodacus]. mlexicanus]. dementis (33) Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 5th ed., 1903, p.
383. (3.'i) Bailey, Handb. Birds West. U. S., 2d ed., 1904, p. 313.

Carpodacus frontalis clementae (35) Breninger, Auk, xxi, 1904, p. 221.

Carpodacus m\_exicaniis]. dementis (36) Willett, Condor, xii, 1910, p. 172.

Abundant resident of all the islands, but less so on San Nicolas and San
Miguel. Originally described by E. A. Mearns (12) from specimens taken on
San Clemente Island, August 25, 1894. Subspecific characters in comparison
with mainland birds are : larger legs, feet and bill, wings and tail slightly short-
er; striping below broader, and coloration brighter. Two phases of coloration
occur in this form, the usual red phase and another in which the red is replaced
by yellow. Every intergradation between these two is encountered. I have seen
specimens in which the yelloAv was of very limited extent, a male marked like a
female except for a faint red tinge on the chest, a female showing a trace of red,
and another with a tinge of yellow.

74 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No. 12

The breeding season is a long one, and at least three broods must be raised
each year. G. F. Breninger {35) found several sets of four and five eggs on San
Clemente in February, 1903, and I repeatedly saw young on the wing there dur-
ing the last of March, 1915. J. Grinnell and F. S. Daggett {14) noted a nest on
the Coronados, August 6, 1902, which lield small young. The eggs are indistin-
guishable from those of the mainland bird. The average measurements for a se-
ries of nine eggs taken by J. Grinnell (<9) on San Clemente is .82x.59 inches.
Nesting sites originally were in cactus plants or in niches of cliffs, but the birds
are now taking advantage of the chance to occupy more sheltered situations in
buildings and sheds, where such occur. I have even knowoi one to take posses-
sion of a nest of the Western Flycatcher {28) with one egg of the rightful owner
still in place, but as to whether the latter had first deserted of her own accord.
I am unable to say. Linnets are fond of congregating about the opuntia patches,
on the ripe fruit of which they feed extensively.

Being in doubt as to the identity of birds from Santa Cruz Island, I sent
a small series to J. Grinnell for his opinion. He agrees Avith me in considering
the bills of these birds indistinguishable from those of mainland specimens.
Among examples from the mainland which he had in the Museum collection, he
also found birds more heavily marked than my Santa Cruz specimens.

I believe in subspecies, and think that any form that has a constant charac-
ter of differentiation should be recognized. I cannot see, however, why any
race, only two thirds or so of which show the subspecific characters, should have
formal place in the catalog of our avifauna. I have gathered together a good
sized series of the island Carpodacus and have examined many more. I have not
taken many measurements of bills and feet, as these often vary in a manner that
cannot be shown by calipers, but I have compared them very carefully in the
hand, where relative bulk is more apparent. In a large series these members
do average a very little larger in the island than in mainland birds, but speci-
mens of the latter may be found which surpass those of the former in the size of
both culmen and feet. I have a female taken in Covina, California, the streak-
ing of whose under parts is much heavier than any island female examined, and I
have seen males from the mainland just as heavily streaked as any of the insa-
lar birds. The latter probably do average heavier in this respect, but there is a
large number in which this criterion does not hold good. In the matter of com-
parative lengths of wing and tail, the following table speaks for itself. Speci-
mens in very worn plumage have not been compared.

Wing- Tail

33 males from mainland (Los Angeles Co.) 77.6 58.6

53 males from San Clemente Island 78.6 58.4

9 males from Santa Cruz Island 77. 58.4

In making the above comparisons I am indebted for the loan of specimens to
the Museum of History, Science and Art, of Los Angeles, through F. S. Daggett,
and to the U. S. Biological Survey, through E. W. Nelson. As but few females
were available, I have given measurements of males only. My large series from
the type locality certainly goes to show that birds from there at least have not
a sliorter wing, and to all intents, no shortei- tail than mainland birds. The

1017 BIRDS OF THE SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ISLANDS 75

wing lucasiii-cinent of tlic few hirds from Santa Cruz, while sliglitly less, is not
enough so to merit recognition on this character. I have examined two males
from San ^lignel, one from Santa Barhara and two from Los Coronados Islands,
hut lliese ai-e all in such worn ]ilumages as to he well nigli worthless in the pres-
ent eoniKM'tion. In eoloi-ation, while the island hirds are fre(|uently moi'e hrilli-
ant than is usual among mainland specimens, occasional individuals of the latter
are sometimes still more intense. We therefore have not a single constant crite-
rion w'herehy clementis can be identified, though possibly larger series from some
of the other islands, as the Coronados, Santa Barbara or San ]\Iiguel may de-
velop some such character.

130. Loxia curvirostra Strickland! Ridgway

INIexican Crossbill

Loxia curvirostra stricklandi (1) Howell and van Rossem, Condor, xiii, 1911, p. 210. (2)

Willett, Pac. Coast Avif., 7, 1912, p. 74.
Tjoxia curvirostra bendirei (3) Grlnnell, Pac. Coast Avif., 11, 1915, p. 108.

A. van Rossem and I (i) discovered these birds to be present on Santa Cru^
Island in the spring of 1911, in numbers sufficient to preclude the possibility of
their being merely stragglers to the region. They were found only in the pine
timber below the high ridges in the vicinity of Prisoner's Harbor, and we were
pretty sure, with careful searching, to encounter them each time that we went to
this region, though they were rather wild and hard to locate. Van Rossem saw
a pair April 28, and shot the male, I shot a pair from a flock of eight on ^May 1,
and the former took the female to a pair, and saw three others, on the 2nd.

There is the possibility that these birds were merely winter visitants, but I
personally believe that they are resident on the island. The date was a late one
for them to be lingering in a W'inter home, and they were evidently beginning to
pair off. Another point is that, although a little low zonally, these pine woods
have a very boreal appearance and should provide a suitable home for them.

I have, with the help of J. Grinnell, carefully compared the three island
birds now available with the large series of Loxia in the Berkeley Museum of
Vertebrate Zoology. They are practically indistinguishable from L. r. hendirei,
and so are nuich closer to stricklandi than to minor.

131. Passer domesticus (Linnaeus)

English Sparrow^

Passer domesticus (1) Dawson, Condor, xvii, 1915, p. 204.

As yet, only accidental on the islands. On San Clemente, ]\Iarch 30. 1915, L.
M. Huey and I each saw a male of this species during different times of the day.
This was at the corrals, and as we did not see the bird again, I am hoping that
the charge of shot which I sent after him took effect. W. L. Dawson (/) also
noted a lone female on Santa Cruz, April 18, 1915.

76 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No. 12

132. Astragalinus psaltria hesperophilus Oberholser

Green-backed Goldfinch

Spinus psaltria (/) Grinnell, Auk, xv, 1898, p. 235. {2) Mailliarcl, Bull. Cooper Orn.

Club, I, 1899. p. 42.
Astragalinus psaltria (3) Mailliarcl, Bull. Cooper Orn. Club, i, 1899, p. 45.
Astragalinus psaltria hesperophilus ( ', ) Richardson, Condor, x, 1908, p. 67. {■'>) Linton,

Condor, x, 1908, p. 128. (6) Grinnell, Pac. Coast Avif., 11, 1915, p. 110.

Rather rare on the islauds. 1 have noted a limited number of these birds
on Catalina several times during the early spring of different years, and J. Grin-
nell (i) saw three pairs there the last of December, 1897. J. Mailliard {2, 3) re-
corded the species from Santa Cruz Island in April, 1898, and C. B. Linton (5)
saw several and shot one during November, 1907, in the same locality. From
the above dates one cannot be sure that this bird breeds on the islands, but I.
think it likely that it is resident where found at all.

133. Astragalinus lawrencei (Cassin)

Lawrence Goldfinch

8pinus lawreneei (1) Mailliard, Bull. Cooper Orn. Club, i, 1899, p. 42.
Astragalinus lawrencei (2) Mailliard, Bull. Cooper Orn. Club, i, 1899, p. 45. (.i) Rich-
ardson, Condor, x, 1908, p. 67. (7,) Grinnell, Pac. Coast Avif., 11, 1915, p. 110.

Occurs in about the same numbers as the last. I noted a pair of these birds
among the eucalypti of Avalon, Catalina Island, May 4, 1908, and C. H. Richard-
son (3) states that he has seen the species there several times during the same
month. J. Mailliard (i, 2) reports it as present on Santa Cruz Island in April,
1898, and W. L. Dawson {MS) saw it several times near the ranch house there
during April, 1915.

134. Spinus pinus (Wilson)

Pine Siskin
Spinus pinus pinus (1) Dawson, Condor, xvii, 1915, p. 204.

While on Santa Cruz Island from April 3 to 22, 1915, W. L. Dawson (1)
several times encountered this species in the Monterey pine belt.

135. Passerculus sandwichensis alaudinus Bonaparte

Western Savannah Sparrow^

Ammodramus sandivichensis alaudinus (1) Townsend, Proc. II. S. Nat. Mus., xiii, 1890,

p. 141. (2) Keeler, Zoe, i, 1891, p. 341. (3) Grinnell, Pasadena Acad. Sci., i, 1897,

p. 17. (//) Linton, Condor, x, 1908, p. 128.
Passerculus sandwichensis alaudinus (5) Mearns, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., i.vi, 1907, p. 142.

(6') Linton, Condor, xi, 1909, p. 194. (7) Willett, Pac. Coast Avif., 7, 1912, p. 77. (8)

Grinnell, Pac. Coast Avif., 11, 1915, p. 113.
Ammodramus sandwichensis bryanti (.9) Linton, Condor, x, 1908, p. 128.

Probably a regular though not common migrant to suitable localities. J.
Grinnell (.5) shot one bird and saw several others along the grassy margin of a
slough at the mouth of a canyon on San Clemente, March 30, 1897; C. B. Linton

1917 BIRDS OF THE SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ISLANDS 77

(6) noted several there during December, 1908; and I took a female March 31,
1915, that was feeding in the corral near a barn. Linton (MS) also saw several
on San Nicolas in January, 1911. He (9) shot a bird on Santa Cruz Island and
saw two others, in December, 1907, which he recorded as hryanti, but which has
proved to be of this form (7). C. II. Townsend (i) secured a specimen in the
same locality February 6, 1889.

136. Chondestes grammacus strigatus Swainsou

Western Lark Sparrow

Chondestes grammacus strigatus (/) Linton, Condor, x, 1908, p. 128. (2) Grinnell, Pac.
Coast Avif., 11, 1915, p. 115.

C. B. Linton (1) saw several of tliese ])irds on Santa Cruz Island, and col-
lected one in December, 1907.

137. Zonotrichia querula (Xuttall)

Harris Sparrow

Zonotrichia querula {]) Linton, Condor, x, 1908, p. 84. (2) Willett, Pac. Coast Avif., 7,
1912, p. 79. (3) Grinnell, Pac. Coast Avif., 11, 1915, p. 116.

C. B. Linton (1) took a specimen of this species, sex undetermined, on San
Clemente Island, October 15. 1907. It is now in the University of California ^lu-
seum of Vertebrate Zoology.

138. Zonotrichia leucophrys g-ambeli (Xuttall)

Gambel Sparrow

Zonotrichia gambeli il) Cooper, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., iv, 1870, p. 78.

Zonotrichia leucophrys intermedia (2) Streets, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., vii, 1877, p. 11. (3)
Keeler, Zoe, i, 1891, p. 341. (.'/) Grinnell, Pasadena Acad. Sci., i, 1897, p. 17. (.7)
Grinnell, Auk, xv, 1898, p. 235. (6) Mailliard, Bull. Cooper Orn. Club, i, 1899, p. 41.

Zonotrichia gambeli intermedia (7) Townsend, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xiii, 1890, pp. 139,
14L

Zonotrichia leucophrys gambeli (S) Oberholser, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xxii, 1900, p. 232.
(9) Richardson, Condor, x, 1908, p. 67. {10) Linton, Condor, x, 1908, p. 85. {11)
Linton, Condor, x, 1908, p. 128. {12) Osburn, Condor, xi, 1909, p. 137. {13) Howell
and van Rossem, Condor, xiii, 1911, p. 210. {l-'i) Willett, Pac. Coast Avif., 7, 1912, p.
79. {13) Grinnell, Pac. Coast Avif., 11, 1915, p. 116.

Zonotrichia leucophrys gambelii {16) Mearns, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. lvi, 1907, p. 142.

Abundant winter visitant. Probably arrives in September and leaves the
first part of May. Streets (2) reports one taken on the Coronados, but I imagine
that it does not occur there in great numbers, as I have never seen it during the
early spring in that locality. We found it most abundant on San Clemente in
the spring of 1915. By the time we left the island, April 11, the birds were be-
ginning to bunch up in larger flocks than noted when we first arrived, and the
majority were evidently thinking about moving on. Birds were repeatedly no-
ticed chasing each other.

J. Grinnell (5) states that the species was numerous at Catalina in Decem-
ber, 1897, and I have found it to be well distributed over the island in April. C.

78 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No. 12

H. Townsend (7) notes a specimen taken on Santa Barbara Island, February 13,
1889, and on Santa Cruz, C. B. Linton {11) says that it was common everywhere
during November and December, 1907. A. van Rossem and I found it scattered
over the hillsides of that island, usually in pairs, u\} to the time we left. May 2,
1911.

139. Zonotrichia coronata (Pallas)

Golden-crowned Sparrow

Zonotrichia coronata (1) Townsend, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xiii, 1890, pp. 139, 141. (.2)
Keeler, Zoe, i, 1891, p. 341. (.3) Grinnell, Pasadena Acad. Sci., i, 1897, p. 18. (//)
Grinnell, Auk, xv, 1898, p. 235. (J) Mailliard, Bull. Cooper Orn. Club, i, 1899, p. 45.
U!) Mearns, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., lvi, 1907, p. 142. (7) Richardson, Condor, x, 1908,
p. 67. (8) Linton, Condor, x, 1908, p. 85. (9) Linton, Condor, x, 1908, p. 128. (10)
A. O. U. Check-list, 3d ed., 1910. p. 262. (//) Howell and van Rossem, Condor, xiii,
1911, p. 210. (12) Willett, Pac. Coast Avif., 7, 1912, p. 80. (L3) Grinnell, Pac. Coast
Avif., 11, 1915, p. 117.

Common winter visitant but does not occur in flocks, as does the last. L.
M. Huey and I saw numbers of this species on San Clemente from ]March 23 to
April 11, 1915, but they were rather shy. On Catalina during April I have seen
two or three of these birds every time I spent a few hours in the brush. C. H.
Townsend (1) records a specimen taken on Santa Barbara Island, February 13,
1889. C. B. Linton (9) says it was fairly common on Santa Cruz during Novem-
ber and December, 1907, and I (11) saw two birds there as late as April 24, 1911.

140. Spizella passerina arizonae Coues

Western Chipping Sparrow

Spizella socialis (1) Cooper, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., iv, 1870, p. 78. (2) Cooper, Land

Birds Calif., i, 1870, p. 208.
Spizella socialis var. arizonae (3) Henshaw, Rep. Wheeler Surv., 1876, p. 244.
Spizella socialis arizonae (4) Blake, Auk, iv, 1887, p. 330. (5) Belding, Land Birds Pac.

Dist, 1890, p. 155. (6') Keeler, Zoe, i, 1891, p. 339. (7) Grinnell, Pasadena Acad.

Sci., I, 1897, p. 18. (8) Mailliard, Bull. Cooper Orn. Club, i, 1899, p. 42. (9) Ober-

holser, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xxii, 1900, p. 232. (10) Mearns, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus.,

LVI, 1907, p. 142. (11) Richardson, Condor, x, 1908, p. 68.
Spizella passerina arizonae (12) Linton, Condor, xi, 1909, p. 194. (13) Osburn, Condor,

XI, 1909, p. 137. (Ill) Willett, Pac. Coast Avif., 7, 1912, p. 80. (/J) Grinnell, Pac.

Coast Avif., 11, 1915, p. 118.
Chipping Sparrow (16) Willett, Condor, xii, 1910, p. 171.

Resident in rather small numbers on some of the islands. J. Grinnell (7)
noted a few on San Clemente in the spring of 1897, and from the actions of a
pair, he judged that they had a nest nearby. C. B. Linton {12) shot two birds
there in December, 1908. I have seen them occasionally on Catalina during
April. In June, one year in the sixties, J. G. Cooper {1) noted a flock of them
on the same island. A. van Rossem and I saw a number on Santa Cruz in April,
1911, and J. Grinnell {MS) found them plentiful there during the first part of
September, 1903. G. Willett {16) reported the species as plentiful on Santa
Rosa Island, June 7, 1910.

1917 BIRDS OF THE SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ISLANDS 79

141. Spizella atrogularis (Cabanis)

Black-chinned Sparrow

Spizella atrogularis (1) Linton, Condor, xi, 1909, p. 194. (2) Grinnell, Pac. Coast Avif.,
11, 1915, p. 119.

The single record is of a female shot by C. B. Linton (!) on San Clemente
Island, December 5, 1908.

142. Junco hyemalis thurberi Anthony

Thurber Junco

Junco hiemalis oregonus (J) Mailliard, Bull. Cooper Orn. Club, i, 1899, p. 45.

Junco hyemalis thurberi. (2) Linton, Condor, x, 1908, p. 85. (3) Linton, Condor, x, 1908,

p. 128, (-'/) Willett, Pac. Coast Avif., 7, 1912, p. 82.
Junco oreganus oreganus (.5) Grinnell, Pac. Coast Avif., 11, 1915, p. 120.
Junco oreganus thurberi (6) Grinnell, Pac. Coast Avif., 11, 1915, p. 120.

Rare winter visitant. C. B. Linton (2) collected a bird on San Clemente
Island, October 13, 1907, he (4) saw one on San Nicolas, March 31, 1910, and (.3)
took a pair on Santa Cruz November 28, 1907. In the latter locality J. Mailliard
{!) shot a female in April, 1898, which he ascribed to oregonus. He (MS) now,
however, believes that it is thurheri.

143. Amphispiza belli (Cassin)

Bell Sparrow

Poospiza belli (1) Cooper, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., iv, 1870, p. 78. (2) Cooper, Land Birds
Calif., I, 1870, p. 204.

Amphispiza belli {3) Townsend, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xiii, 1890, p. 140. (^) Belding,
Land Birds Pac. Dist., 1890, p. 162. (J) Keeler, Zoe, i, 1891, p. 340. (6) Grinnell,
Pasadena Acad. Sci., i, 1897, p. 18. (7) Breninger, Auk, xxi, 1904, p. 221. (8) Lin-
ton, Condor, x. 1908, p. 85. (5) A. O. U. Check-list, 3d ed., 1910, p. 269. {10) Wil-
lett, Pac. Coast Avif., 7, 1912, p. 82. (11) Grinnell, Pac. Coast Avif., 11, 1915, p. 121.

Amphispiza belli clementae (12) Ridgway, Auk, xv, 1898, p. 230. (13) A. 0. U. Commit-
tee, Auk, xviii, 1901, p. 313. (i//) Mearns, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., lvi, 1907, p. 141.

Amphispiza belli belli (15) Ridgway, Birds North & Mid. Am., i, 1901, p. 268.

Bell Sparrow (16) Willett, Condor, xii, 1910, p. 171.

Common resident of San Clemente, San Nicolas and Santa Rosa islands. R.
Ridgway (12) described a subspecies, A. h. clementae, from San Clemente, simi-
lar to belli in coloration, but larger and with a relatively larger bill. The differ-
ence, however, has not been considered to be sufficiently pronounced to justify
the recognition of the subspecies. On San Clemente the species is common on
the mesa lands back from the shore, and L. j\I. Huey and I found several nests
with pipped eggs and young the latter part of March, 1915. They were situated
in scrubby brush a few inches above the ground.

J. G. Cooper (1, 2) reported a specimen of the Bell Sparrow from Santa
Barbara Island. There is a specimen of Melospiza m. graminea in juvenal plum-
age, in the Museum of Vertebrate Zoology at Berkeley, from Santa Barbara Isl-
and, marked in Dr. Cooper's handwriting "May 30, 1863, Poospiza belli or Feu-

80 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No. 12

cea ruficeps". Under the circumstances the species cannot be credited to the
fauna of that island.

Several writers state that it is common on San Nicolas, and G. Willett (16)
reported it as numerous in tlie hrush of Santa Rosa Island in June, 1910.

144. Aimophila ruficeps ruficeps (Cassin)

RlIPOUS-CROWNED SpARROW

Peucaea ruficeps (1) Cooper, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., iv, 1870, p. 78. (2) Cooper, Land
Birds Calif., i, 1870, p. 218. (3) Henshaw, Rep. Wheeler Surv., 1876, p. 244. (//)
Belding, Land Birds Pac. Dist., 1890, p. 163.

Aimophila ruficeps ruficeps (5) Ridgway, Birds North & Mid. Am., i, 1901, p. 247. (6')
Linton, Condor, x, 1908, p. 128. (7) A. O. U. Check-list, 3d ed., 1910, p. 272. (8)
Willett, Pac. Coast Avif., 7, 1912, p. 83. (9) Grinnell, Pac. Coast Avif., 11, 1915, p. 122.

Aimophila ruficeps {10) Howell and van Rossem, Condor, xiii, 1911, p. 210.

Common resident on Santa Cruz, and has been taken on Catalina. J. G.
Cooper took two adults in worn plumage on Catalina, June 19 and 28, 1863, now
in the collection of the Museum of Vertebrate Zoology at Berkeley. As far as I
know, no one has since met with the species in this locality.

On Santa Cruz^ in December, 1907, C. B. Linton (6) encountered a flock of
some forty or fifty birds feeding on a hillside. Daring April, 1911, A. van Ros-
sem and I {10) found them rather common in suitable places. A female which I
shot on the 26th had no feathers on the abdomen, indicating that she was incu-
bating at the time.

Through the kindness of J. E. Thayer and J. Grinnell, I recently assembled
a series of thirteen specimens of this species from Santa Cruz Island, and eighty-
three from the mainland. The conclusion reached is that the island birds differ
from the continental ones in having slightly shorter wing, bill and middle toe,
and longer tail and tarsus. The bill is wider at the base, and the tarsus heavier.
The underparts seem to average slightly darker, and there is less tendency to
buffiness on the chin. The upper parts are about the same in the two lots. Al-
though these differences are readily apparent in a series, there is no constant
criterion, and therefore, according to my opinion, no justification in naming a
new form.

145. Melospiza melodia graminea C. H. Townsend

Santa Barbara Song Sparrow

Poospiza belli (1) Cooper, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., iv, 1870, p. 78.

Melospiza heermanni (2) Cooper, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., iv, 1870, p. 78. (.{) Cooper,

Land Birds Calif., i, 1870, p. 213.
Melospiza fasciata samuelis {J^) Henshaw, Auk, iii, 1886, p. 453.
Melospiza fasciata graminea (5) Townsend, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xiii, 1890, p. 139. (6")

A. O. U. Committee, Auk, viii, 1891, p. 86. (7) Grinnell, Pasadena Acad. Sci., i, 1897,

p. 6. (8) Davie, Nests & Eggs N. Am. Birds, 5th ed., 1898, p. 392. (.0) Mailliard,

Bull. Cooper Orn. Club, i, 1899, p. 44.
Melospiza fasciata samuelis i?) {10) Keeler, Zoe, i, 1891, p. 339.
Mielospiza'\. fasciata graminea {11) Keeler, Zoe, i, 1891, p. 342.

Mlelospiza'i. fiasciata]. graminea {12) Beck, Bull. Cooper Orn. Club, i, 1899, p. 86.
Melospiza melodia graminea {13) Oberholser, Auk, xvi, 1899, p. 183. {V/) A. 0. U.

1017 BIRDS OF THE SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ISLANDS 81

Check-list, 3d ed., 1910, p. 274. (/J) Howell and van Rossem, Condor, xiii, 1911, p.

210. (lU) Willett, Pac. Coast Avlf., 7, 1912, p. 84. (/?) Grinnell, Pac. Coast Avif., 8,

1912, p. 22. (IS) Wright and Snyder, Condor, xv, 1913, p. 91. (19) Grinnell, Pac.

Coast Avif., 11, 1915, p. 125.
Melospiza cinerea graminea (20) Ridgway, Birds North & Mid. Am., i, 1901, p. 369. (21)

A. O. U. Committee, Auk, xx, 1903, p. 35.
Melospiza graminea (22) Grinnell, Pac. Coast Avit'., 3, 1902, p. 56.

Mlelospiza]. m\_elodia]. graminea (23) Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 5th ed., 1903, p. 420.
Mlelospiza]. c[merea]. graminea (2Ji) Bailey, Handb. Birds West. U. S., 2d ed., 1904, p.

358. (25) Reed, N. Am. Birds' Eggs, 1904, p. 267.
Melospiza graminea (?) (26) Linton, Condor, x, 1908, p. 128.

Abundant resident of Santa Barbara Island, and less common on Santa
Cruz. C. H. ToM-nsend (5) described this subspecies from an adult male taken
on Santa Barbara Island, February 12, 1889. It is quite similar to the next
form (Melospiza tn. clementae) , but much smaller. In the type locality the first
of ^lay, 1908, I found these birds fairly swarming, flushing from the short scrub
at my approach and flitting to the tops of nearby bushes. J. Grinnell (7) says
that during the middle of May, 1897, full grown juveniles were numerous, and
the adults apparently engaged in building their second nests. Their song, notes
and actions were just as those of the mainland bird. He and H. Gay lord dis-
covered five nests, a typical one being supported by the obliquely-growing twigs
of a bush, and lined and internally composed of fine yellow grasses, in marked
contrast to the larger brown grass and weed stems of which this nest is basally
built. From three to five eggs are laid. Five sets, aggregating nineteen eggs,
secured on May 1-1 and 15, average .61x.78 inches. Extremes are .70 to .82 in
length, and .57 to .64 in diameter. The markings are indistinguishable from
those of the eggs of the mainland bird. As previously mentioned there is a
young bird in the Museum of Vertebrate Zoology (no. -1142), taken on Santa
Barbara Island, May 30, 1863, by J. G. Cooper, and labelled by him ''Poospiza
belli or Feucea ruficeps".

A. van Rossem {15) heard two song sparrows near Prisoner's Harbor, Santa
Cruz Island the last of April, 1911, but we failed to see any. J. Mailliard {9)
states that during April, 1898, he found none except in a certain cypress hedge.
If those were shot several more w^ould appear to take their places in a day or two.
C. B, Linton {26) found them fairly common on this island in November and
December, 1907. Coues {23) says that the subspecies occurs on the adjacent
mainland during the winter, but I know of no specimen having been taken to
confirm this statement and consider the occurrence as doubtful in the extreme.

On Catalina Island, in April, 1908, I twice heard the song of this species in
the same patch of brush. No song sparrow has been taken on this island. If the
bird that I heard was one of a resident race it was probably of the subspecies
graminea, but if a migrant or winter visitant, it is more likely to have been a
straggler from the mainland.

146. Melospiza melodia clementae C. H. Townsend

San Clemente Song Sparrow
Melospiza heermanni (1) Cooper, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., iv, 1870, p. 78.

82 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No. 12

Melospiza fasciata clementae (2) Townsend, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xiii, 1890, p. 139. (3)
Keeler, Zoe, i, 1891, p. 342. (Jf) A. 0. U. Committee, Auk, viii, 1891, p. 86. (5)
Grinnell, Pasadena Acad. Sci., i, 1897, p. 18. (6') Davie, Nests & Eggs N. Am. Birds,
5th ed., 1898, p. 392.

Melospiza fasciata samuelis (?) (7) Keeler, Zoe, i, 1891, p. 339.

Melospiza melodia clementae (8) McGregor, Bull. Cooper Orn. Club, i, 1899, p. 88. (9)
Oberholser, Auk, xvi, 1899, p. 183. (10) Oberholser, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xiii, 1900,
p. 232. (11) A. 0. U. Check-list, 3d ed., 1910, p. 274. (/.?) Willett, Pac. Coast Avif., 7,
1912, p. 84. (13) Grinnell, Pac. Coast Avif., 8, 1912, p. 22. (I'l) Grinnell, Pac. Coast
Avif., 11, 1915, p. 126.

Melospiza cinerea clementae (15) Ridgway, Birds North & Mid. Am., i, 1901, p. 368. {16)
A. O. U. Committee. Auk, xx, 1903, p. 351.

Melospiza clementae (i7) Grinnell, Pac. Coast Avif., 3, 1902, p. 56. (IS) Linton, Condor,
X, 1908, p. 85.

Melospiza coronatoriim (19) Grinnell and Daggett, Auk, xx, 1903, p. 34. (:iO) Wright,
Condor, xi, 1909, p. 100. (21) Osburn, Condor, xi, 1909, p. 137.

M[elospiza]. m\_elo(lia'\. clementae {:i2) Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 5th ed., 1903, p. 421.

M[elospiza]. ciinerea']. clementae (23) Bailey, Handb. Birds West. U. S., 2d ed., 1904, p.
359. {24) Reed, N. Am. Birds' Eggs, 1904, p. 267.

Song Sparrow {25) Breninger, Auk, xxi, 1904, p. 221.

Melospiza mlelodia]. clementae (26) Willett, Condor, xii, 1910, p. 172.

Melospiza mlelodia]. coronatorum {21) Osburn, Condor, xiii, 1911, p. 32.

Common resident of Los Coronados, San Clemente, San Miguel and Santa
Rosa islands. Originally described by C. H. Townsend {2) from an adult male
taken on San Clemente Island, January 25, 1889. Quite similar to cooperi but
slightly larger, with coloration grayer, back light olive-grayish and black streaks
narrower.

J. Grinnell and F. S. Daggett (19) described another subspecies from the
Coronados, the type being an adult male taken August 7, 1902. The coloration
is said to be about the same as that of clementae but tarsus shorter and bill small-
er. This form is not recognized by the A. 0. U. Committee, but the characters
certainly hold good in the case of all specimens which I have examined. Song
Sparrows are not especially numerous on most parts of the Coronados, but are
pretty evenly distributed over the four islands. The latter part of May, 1914,
D. R. Dickey (MS) and party discovered seven nests. These were situated either
in the low bushes, the carpet of ice plant, or on the ground. The sets, of three
or four eggs, seemed to be fresh at this date, and were undoubtedly the second
laying, but as all birds must necessarily breed on rather steep hillsides, a sur-
prising number of eggs had been broken by pebbles rolling or bouncing into the
nests from higher up the slope. Grass, fine weed stems, and some gull feathers
are the usual material.

Song Sparrows are most abundant on San Clemente where their habit of
nesting in wisps of grass that grow in the opuntia patches is favorable to
their rapid increase. In late April, 1915, D. R. Dickey, L. M. Huey and I found
many nests situated as above and a few in thorny bushes or in low weeds. Most
of them held young at this date. I saw a juvenile strong on the wing and with
tail almost full length, March 27, after which date they were common; and on
April 9 I shot one that had almost entirely completed the post-juvenal molt

1917 BIRDS OF THE SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ISLANDS 83

How many broods each season they may raise I do not know, ])ut there must be
three at least. Their notes are very similar to those of the mainland birds.

G. Willett (26) reports that in June, 1910, this was one of the commonest
birds on San IMigiiel, and several writers have recorded it as present on Santa
Rosa Island in considerable numbers. Just why gratninea should occur in the
intermediate territory between the extreme ranges of clementae, with climatic
and food conditions apparently very similar, is a problem in distribution on
which I am able to throw no light.

147. Melospiza lincolni lincolni (Audubon)

Lincoln Sparrow

Melospiza Uncolnii (/) Grinnell, Pasadena Acad. Sci., i, 1897, p. 19. (2) Grinnell, Auk,
XV. 1898, p. 235. (3) Mearns, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., i.vi, 1907, p. 142.

Melospiza lincolni (4) Mailliard, Bull. Cooper Orn. Club, i, 1899, p. 45. (.*) Oberholser,
Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xxii, 1900, p. 232.

Melospiza lincohii lincolni ((J) Willett, Pac. Coast Avif., 7, 1912, p. 85. (7) Grinnell, Pac.
Coast Avif., 11, 1915, p. 128.

Evidently a rather rare but regular winter visitant. J. Grinnell {!) took
one bird and saw another on San Clemente, March 30, 1897. He (,2) also saw
one on two occasions in a dooryard on Catalina in December, 1897, and there
was an adult female taken here by C. P. Streator (J) during April, 1892. Col-
lected also by J. Mailliard (i) in April, 1898, on Santa Cruz Island.

148. Passerella iliaca unalaschcensis (Gmelin)

Shumagin Fox Sparrow^

Plasserella]. iliaca unalaschensis (I) Streator, Orn. & Ool., xiii, 1888, p. 53.
Passerella iliaca unalaschcensis (.2) Linton, Condor, xi, 1909, p. 194. (3) Willett, Pac.
Coast Avif., 7, 1912, p. 85. (4) Grinnell, Pac. Coast Avif., 11, 1915, p. 128.

During the winter months fox sparrows occur on the islands in consider-
able numbers, but as they have been reported so often on sight identification
alone, it is hard to judge the relative numbers of the several forms.

C. B. Linton (2) took a female of the subspecies unalaschcensis on San Cle-
mente Island, November 21, 1908, pronounced by J. Grinnell as not typical. A.
van Rossem shot one on Santa Cruz, April 27, 1911, and I saw another which
may or may not have been of this form.

149. Passerella iliaca megarhyncha Baird

TlIICK-BlLLED Fox SpARROW

Passerella iliaca megarhynclia (1) Grinnell, Auk, xv, 1898, p. 235. (2) Oberholser, Proc.
U. S. Nat. Mus., XXII, 1900, p. 232. (3) Willett, Pac. Coast Avif., 7, 1912, p. 86. (.',)
Grinnell, Pac. Coast Avif., 11, 1915, p. 129.

On Catalina, during late December, 1897, J. Grinnell (1) took four speci-
mens referable to this race; C. P. Streator (2) shot three typical ones in April,
1892, and A. van Rossem (.5) secured a pair February 15, 1910. I shot a female
on San Clemente, March 28, 1915. On the day before I had seen a bird which
appeared to be of the same subspecies. G. Willett (.5) collected an adult female

84 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No. 12

on Santa Cruz, November 24, 1907. I may be mistaken, but I believe that me-
garhyncha is the most numerous one of the four fox sparrows that are found on
the islands, with insnlaris a close second.

150. Passerella iliaca Stephens! Anthony

Stephens Fox Sparrow

Passerella iliaca stephensi {1) Oberholser, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xxii, 1900, p. 233. (2)
Grinnell, Pac. Coast Avif., 3, 1902, p. 58. (3) Linton, Condor, x, 1908, p. 128. (^)
Willett, Pac. Coast Avif., 7, 1912, p. 86. (o) Grinnell, Pac. Coast Avif., 11, 1915, p.
131.

In April I have found fox sparrows in numbers on Catalina, and one that I
secured on the 8th is indistinguishable from breeding birds of the San Bernar-
dino Mountains. C. P. Streator shot a pair in this locality April 19 and 21,
1892, Miiich Oberholser (1) pronounces of this subspecies. C. B. Linton (,?) se-
cured one in the underbrush near the top of Santa Cruz Island, December 14,
1907.

151. Passerella iliaca insularis Ridgway

Kadiak Fox Sparrow

Passerella iliaca unalaschcensis (1) Grinnell, Auk, xv, 1898, p. 235.

Passerella iliaca insularis {2) Oberholser, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xxii, 1900, p. 232. (3)
Grinnell, Pac. Coast Avif., 3, 1902, p. 57. (.'/) liinton, Condor, x, 1908, p. 85. (5)
Linton, Condor, x, 1908, p. 128. (6) Willett Pac. Coast Avif., 7, 1912, p. 87. (7)
Grinnell, Pac. Coast Avif., 11, 1915, p. 129.

Passerella iliaca insularis (.'') (8) Richardson, Condor, x, 1908, p. 68.

Passerella iliaca sinuosa (9) Grinnell, Pac. Coast Avif., 11, 1915, p. 129.

C. B. Linton (4) obtained several of these birds on San Clemente Island in
the winter of 1907-8, the first on October 5, and the last April 1. C. P. Streator
(2) shot one on Catalina in April, 1892, A. van Rossem (MS) a female Febru-
ary 15, 1910, and J. Grinnell (1) three in December, 1897. C. B. Linton and Gr.
Willett (5) also took several in the pines of Santa Cruz Island during November
and December, 1907.

152. Pipilo maculatus oregonus Bell

Oregon Towhee

Pipilo maculatus oregonus (1) Linton, Condor, xi, 1909, p. 194. (2) Willett, Pac. Coast
Avif., 7, 1912, p. 87. {3) Swarth, Condor, xv, 1913, p. 172. (}) Grinnell, Pac. Coast
Avif., 11, 1915, p. 132.

C. B. Linton (1) secured an adult female of this form on San Clemente, De-
cember 4, 1908, the specimen now being in the University of California Museum
of Vertebrate Zoology. The fact of this bird having been taken so far from its
usual range is surprising, but although there is of course the possibility that it
may be an individual variant of clementae, it is in appearance unquestionably
nearer to oregonus than to the local bird (3).

1917 BIRDS OF THE SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ISLANDS 85

153. Pipilo maculatus clementae Grinnell

San Clemente Towhee

Pipilo meyalonyx (/) Cooper, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., iv, 1870, p. 78. (.i) Cooper, Land
Birds Calif., 1870, p. 242.

Pipilo maculatus megalonyx (3) Belding, Land Birds Pac. Dist., 1890, p. 171. ( '/ ) Town-
send, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xiii, 1890, p. 140. (J) Grinnell, Auk, xv, 1898, )). 284.

Pipilo clementae {6) Grinnell, Auk, xiv, 1897, p. 294. (7) Grinnell, Pasadena Acad. Sci.,
I, 1897, p. 19. (S) Grinnell, Pac. Coast Avif., 3, 1902, p. 58. (9) Linton, Condor, x,
1908, p. 85.

Pipilo maculatus clementae (10) A. O. U. Committee, Auk, xvi, 1899, p. 120. (11) Ridg-
way, Birds North & Mid. Am., i, 1901, p. 418. (12) Mearns, Bull. IT. S. Nat. Mus.,
i.vi, 1907, p. 141. (13) Richardson, Condor, x, 1908, p. 68. (//,) A. O. U. Check-list,
3d ed., 1910, p. 280. (15) Willett, Pac. Coast Avif., 7, 1912, p. 87. (ti!) Grinnell,
Pac. Coast Avif., 8, 1912, p. 22. ill) Grinnell, Pac. Coast Avif., 11, 1915, p. 133.

P[ipilo']. mlaculatus]. dementis (IS) Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 5th ed., 1903, p. 460.

P[ipilo'\. m^aculatusl. clementae (19) Bailey, Handb. Birds West. U. S., 2d ed., 1904, p.
366. (20) Reed, N. Am. Birds' Eggs, 1904, p. 270. (21) Swarth, Condor, xv, 1913, p.
168.

Common resident of San Clemente, Santa Catalina and Santa Rosa islands.
Originally described by J. Grinnell (6) from a male taken on San Clemente Isl-
and, March 31, 1897. It differs from megalonyx in being slightly larger, especi-
ally the bill and feet, and with lower back and rump grayer. C. B. Linton (.9)
says that the birds are common near Mosquito Harbor, San Clemente Island. In
October, 1907, they were shaking the twigs of the wild cherry trees and then
flying down to feed on the fallen frnit. They practically do not occur on the
western end of the island, for during a three weeks stay, a single call note from
a dense patch of cactus was all that D. R. Dickey, L. ]M. Huey and I saw or heard
of tbem.

T have found them in some numbers on Catalina during April. In the early
mornings the males will mount some bush and send forth their characteristic
note by the hour, but later in the day they scratch among the leaves in the shade
of the bushes. Here they are rather hard to locate, and unless approaclied with
due caution, will dive into the bush and become hopelessly lost in tlie scrub on
the other side. R. M. Perez (15) took three sets of eggs here from April 13 to 16,
1911, in which incubation was advanced.

A single bird was reported from Santa Barl)ara Island by J. G. Cooper (/).
If correct in regard to the locality of the specimen, it must have been a straggler
either from Catalina or Santa Cruz. If from the latter island, it would of course
be referable to the next form. Reported as not rare on Santa Rosa. A. van Ros-
sem (MS) tells me that the note of the towhees on San Clemente has none of the
querulous upward inflection of that of mcgalonux, and is shorter and more in-
sistent. I have also been impressed by the unusual tone of the notes of this form
on Catalina.

154. Pipilo maculatus megalonyx Baird

San Diego Towhee
Pipilo maculatus var. megalonyx (1) Henshaw, Rep. Wheeler Surv., 1876^ p. 247.

86 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No. 12

Pipilo maculatus megalonyx (2) Blake, Auk, iv, 1887, p. 330. {3) Belding, Land Birds
Pac. Dist, 1890, p. 171. ()) Townsend, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xiii, 1890, p. 140. (5)
Keeler, Zoe, i, 1891, p. 339. (6) Linton, Condor, x, 1908, p. 208. (7) Swarth, Con-
dor, XV, 1913, p. 168. (8) Grinnell, Pac. Coalst Avif., 11, 1915, p. 132.

Pipilo maculatus oregonus (9) Mailliard, Bull. Cooper Orn. Club, i, 1899, ]). 42. (10)
Beck, Bull. Cooper Orn. Club, i, 1899, p. 86.

Pipilo maculatus clementae (//) Oberholser, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xxii, 1900, p. 233.
(12) Ridgway, Birds North & Mid. Am., i, 1901, p. 418. (IS) Howell and van Ros-
sem. Condor, xiii, 1911, p. 210. (U,) Willett, Pac. Coast Avif., 7, 1912, p. 87. (].'>)
Wright and Snyder, Condor, xv, 1913, p. 91.

Pipilo clementae (?) (16) Linton, Condor, x, 1908, p. 128.

Pipilo maculatus subsp. (77) Osburn, Condor, xi, 1909, p. 139.

Spurred Towhee (18) Willett, Condor, xii, 1910, p. 171.

Tlie towhees of Santa Crnz Island have nsually been classed with the last
vhce, bnt several observers have placed them otherwise. While we were on the
island in April, 1911, A. van Rossem called my attention to the fact that the call
and song of the birds in that locality were precisely like those of megalonyx on
the mainland, whereas the notes of the towhees from the other islands are con-
siderably different. The few birds from Santa Crnz Island in my collection are
easily distinguished from Catalina specimens, but cannot be told from birds from
Los Angeles County. H. S. Swarth (7) presents this fact very clearly, and after
examining large series, identifies Santa Cruz Island birds as megalonyx. He in-
fers that towhees from Santa Rosa Island would also be referable to the mainland
race, but until an adecpiate series from that locality has been examined, I provi-
sionally place them with clementae.

Towhees are not abundant on Santa Cruz. In the spring they are shy and
little in evidence, but in the fall, when their numbers have been increased by the
yearly crop of youngsters, they are rather more common, scratching among the
leaves of the brushy hillsides.

Osburn {17) reported having seen a spotted towhee on the Coronados. If
there was no mistake in regard to the record, this bird was probably a straggler
from the mainland, for it is certain that no Pipilo is resident on that group of
islands.

155. Zamelodia melanocephala (Swainson)

Black-headed Grosbeak

Habia melanocephala (1) Mailliard, Bull. Cooper Orn. Club, i, 1899, p. 45.
Zamelodia melanocephala capitalis (2) Grinnell, Pac. Coast Avif., 11, 1915, p. 135.

On Santa Cruz Island, J. Mailliard {1 and M^) shot a male April 27, 1898,
and saw several more. W. L. Dawson {M8) also saw a male that was in the
possession of Mr. Lucchelli of that island.

156. Guiraca caerulea lazula (Lesson)

Western Blue Grosbeak

Guiraca caerulea lazula (1) Mailliard, Bull. Cooper Orn. Club, i, 1899, p. 44. (2) Wil-
lett, Pac. Coast Avif., 7, 1912, p. 88.
Guiraca caerulea, salicarius (3) Grinnell, Pac. Coast Avif., 11, 1915, p. 136.

1917 BIRDS OF THE SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ISLANDS 87

J. iMailliard (1) shot two males and saw another, April 30, 1898, on Santa
Cniz.

157. Passerina amoena (Sny)

Lazuli Bunting

Cyanospiza amoena (1) Mailliard, Bull. Cooper Orn. Club, i, 1899, p. 45. (2) Richardson,

Condor, x, 1908, p. 68.
Passerina amoena (3) Grinnell, Pac. Coast Avif., 11, 1915, p. 136.

Sometimes rather common during migration. C. H. Richardson (2) states
that he has seen this species occasionally during April in the canyons of Cata-
lina. J. ^lailliard (1) shot a specimen on Santa Crnz Island, April 14, 1898, and
(318) saw several more on the 21st, while W. L. Dawson {M8) says that it
formed the principal part of a migration wave that reached that locality April
19, 1915.

158. Pirang"a ludoviciana (Wilson)

Western Tanager

Piranga ludoviciana {!) Linton, Condor, x, 1908, p. 85. (2) Howell, Condor, xii, 1910,
p. 187.

Regular migrant in small numbers. I (.2) saw a male on the Coronados,
i\lay 26 and 27, 1910, which seemed to feel very much out of place. D. R. Dickey,
L. M. Huey and I noted one feeding on some low bushes on San Clemente, March
23, 1915, and C. B. Linton (1) saw several in the same locality during the spring
of 1907. J. Grinnell (MS) heard one on the hillside of Santa Cruz Island, Sep-
tember 3, 1903.

159. Piranga rubra cooperi Ridgway

Cooper Tanager

Piranga rubra cooperi (1) Linton, Condor, x, 1908, p. 85. (2) Willett, Pac. Coast Avif.,
7, 1912, p. 89. (3) Grinnell, Pac. Coast Avif., 11, 1915, p. 137.

A female of this species was secured by C. B. Linton (1) on San Clemente,
October 11, 1907, and is now in the collection of J. E. Thayer.

160. Hirundo erythrogastra Boddaert

Barn Swallow

Hirundo horreorum (1) Cooper, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., iv, 1870, p. 78. (.2) Henshaw,
Rep. Wheeler Surv., 1876, p. 235.

Chelidon erytJirogaster (3) Blake, Auk, iv, 1887, p. 330. (.)) Belding, Land Birds Pac.
Dist, 1890, p. 187. (.T) Keeler, Zoe, i, 1891, p. 339.

Hirundo erythrogastcr (0) Mailliard, Bull. Cooper Orn. Club, i, 1899, p. 45.

Hirundo erytJirogastra (7) Howell and van Rossem, Condor, xiii, 1911, p. 210. (S) Wil-
lett, Pac. Coast Avif., 7, 1912, p. 90. (9) Wright and Snyder, Condor, xv, 1913, p. 91.

Common summer visitant on some of the islands. A limited number occur
on the Coronados during the spring and summer, breeding in the sea caves where
their nests must frequently be dampened by tlie spray. D. R. Dickey and L. M.

8S PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No. 12

Huey (318) noted two or three birds about the caves of San Cleniente in April,
1915, and G. Willett (MS) says lie saw them building commonly in the caves of
Catalina during April, 1904. H. Wright (9) saw birds on Santa Barbara Isl-
and, July 2 and 8, 1912, and he found a nest with an addled egg on Anacapa,
July 1. Abundant on Santa Cruz, where, in Apiil, 1911, we found them nesting
in a certain large tide cave in such numbers that their twittering could be heard
a long distance away. They frequently visited a spring near camp for the pur-
pose of gathering mud, sometimes trailing long wisps of grass in their wakes.

161. Tachycineta thalassina lepida Meams

Northern Violet-green Swallow^

On San Clemente Island, April 9, 1915, one of these birds flew close over D.
E. Dickey and L. ]\T. Huey, permitting certain identification.

162. Bombycilla cedrorum Vieillot

Cedar Waxwing

Ampelis cedrorum (/) Grinnell, Pasadena Acad. Sci., i, 1897, p. 19. (.?) Mearns, Bull. U.

S. Nat. Mus., Lvi, 1907, p. 142.
Bombycilla cedrorum (S) Willett, Pac. Coast Avif., 7, 1912, p. 91. (//) Dawson, Condor,

xvii, 1915, p. 204. (r,) Grinnell, Pac. Coast Avif., 11, 1915, p. 140.
Irregular visitant. On San Clemente, J. Grinnell (1) saw a single bird
May 31, 1897, which was unmistakably of this species. W. L. Dawson (4) noted
a flock of about forty birds on Santa Cruz Island. April 11, 1915, which remained
among the holl.y bushes for a week or more.

16.3. Lanius ludovicianus anthonjd Mearns

Island Shrike

Collyrio excuhitorides (/) Cooper, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., iv, 1870, p. 78.

Collurio ludovicianus var. excuhitorides (2) Henshaw, Rep. Wheeler Surv., 1876, p. 237.

Lanius hidovicianus excuhitorides (/?) Blake, Auk, iv, 1887, p. 330.

Lanius ludovicianus gamheli (.'/) Keeler, Zoe, i, 1891, p. 339. (.7) Grinnell, Pasadena
Acad. Sci., i, 1897, p. 19. (6) Grinnell, Auk, xv, 1898, p. 234.

Lanius ludovicianus anthonyi (7) Mearns, Auk, xv, 1898, p. 261. (<S) A. O. U. Commit-
tee, Auk, XVI, 1899, p. 122. (9) Mailliard, Bull. Cooper Orn. Club, i, 1899, p. 42. UO)
Oberholser, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xxii, 1900, p. 233. (//) Ridgway, Birds North &
Mid. Am., iii, 1904, p. 251. (12) A. O. U. Check-list, 3d ed., 1910, p. 297. (13) How-
ell and van Rossem, Condor, xiii, 1911, p. 210. (L',) Willett, Pac. Coast Avif., 7, 1912,
p. 92. (/.5) Grinnell, Pac. Coast Avif., 8, 1912, p. 18. (16) Grinnell, Pac. Coast
Avif., 11, 1915, p. 142.

Lanius anthonyi (17) Grinnell, Pac. Coast Avif., 3, 1902, p. 62. (18) Linton, Condor, x,
1908, p. 128.

L[anius'\. l[udovicianus'\. anthonyi (19) Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 5th ed., 1903, p. 372.
(20) Bailey, Handb. Birds West. U. S., 2d ed., 1904, p. 393. (21) Reed, N. Am. Birds'
Eggs, 1904, p. 283.

Lanius ludovicianus mearnsi (22) Ridgway, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xvi, 1903, p. 108.
(23) Ridgway, Birds North & Mid. Am., iii, 1904, p. 252. (2',) A. O. U. Committee,
Auk, XXI, 1904, p. 416. (25) A. O. U. Committee, Auk, xxvi, 1909, ]). 296.

Lanius (2(1) Breninger, Auk, xxi, 1904, p. 223.

irtlT BIRDS OF THE SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ISLANDS 89

Laniiis si). .'' (JH) Richardson, Condor, x, 1908, p. 68.

Lanius mearnsi {28) Linton, Condor, x, 1908, p. 182.

Lanius l[ndovicianus'\. mearnsi (29) Linton, Condor, x, 1908, p. 182.

Lanius llndovicianns]. anthonyi (30) Linton, Condor, x, 1908, p. 182.

Fairly coininoii resident of most of the islands. Originally desei-ihed by E.
A. Alearns (7) from a specimen collected l)y R. H. Beck on Santa Cruz Island.
iMay 6, 1897. Darker and smaller than gambeli. Another island subspecies, L. I.
mearnsi was described by R. Ridgway {22, 23) and was at one time accepted by
the A. 0. U. Committee {24), but after its validity had been questioned by a
number of wa-iters, it was finally discarded {25). The type was from San Cle-
mente Island and its characters as given, were : similar to anthonyi but upper
parts darker and upper tail coverts abruptly white, more white on scapulars,
white spot at base of primaries larger, and underparts less strongly tinged with
gray.

On San Clemente these birds are distributed over most of the island. In an
especially favorable little canyon several pairs will congregate, and I have found
two pairs breeding in such a place not a hundred yards apart, while a third nest
was within a quarter of a mile. On either side of this wash, however, there were
no birds for long distances. C. B. Linton {23) found a nest of small young
March 1, 1007, and I encountered a family of .iuveniles that were strong on the
wing, March 23, 1915. During the first part of April, second nests were in pro-
cess of construction. On the western end of the island at least, the nest is almost
invarial)ly i^laced a couple of feet above the ground in a certain kind of thorny
bush, and is substantially constructed of twigs and weed stems and lined with
sheep wool.

On Catalina shrikes are rather rare, and I have seen only an occasional indi-
vidual. C. H. Richardson {27) met fully fledged young here that were being fed
by the parents in April. Reported from Santa Barbara Island by J. Gr. Cooper
■{!), but no one else has met with the species there. II. Robertson and V. W.
Owen {14) saw a pair, and found a nest full of young, on Anacapa, June 4. 1899,
apparently the only record for this island.

In the vicinity of Prisoner's Harbor, Santa Cruz Island, A. van Rossem and
I found shrikes to be decidedly rare. A favorite perch was at the very top of
some tall dead pine, and from this the bird would fly when the observer was a
surprisingly long distance off. J. ^lailliard {9) found two nests here during
April, 1898, one, containing a set of seven eggs, placed in the middle of a brush
pile, and the other, with six eggs, in a gum tree. Present on Santa Rosa, where
II. J. Lelande and 0. W. Howard {14) saw a bird June 8, 1910.

Numerically I believe that this, subspecies is one of the rarest birds in the
country, and it is certainly one of the very shyest of the small land birds. No
matter what strategy the hunter employs, the shrikes seem perfectly capable of
luatching it, and except near the nest, it is well nigh hopeless to try and get
within gunshot of one. Even the alarmed shrieking of their own offspring will
fail to attract them. While on Clemente in the spring of 1915, I collected the
male and three young of a family of these birds. The following day I took the
female of another nest a short distance away, but did not try to deprive the

90 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No. 12

small young of their remaining parent. What was my surprise two days later
to find that the single male and the other female had combined forces and were
feeding the youngsters of the second nest. I verified this by shooting the male,
and his new mate continued to leed her adopted children. We were pretty well
acquainted with the shrike population of that section of Clemente, and no matter
which birds we shot, there always seemed to l)e others that came in to take their
places and join forces with the widows and widowers.

164. Vireo huttoni huttoni Cassin

IIUTTON ViREO

Vireo huttoni. (1) Belding, Land Birds Pac. Dist., 1890, p. 203. (?) Townsend, Proc. U.

S. Nat. Mus., xm, 1890, p. 141. (3) Keeler, Zoe, i, 1891, p. 341.
Vireo huttoni (?) (^) Mailliard, Bull. Cooper Oru. Club, i, 1899, p. 44.
Vireo mailliardorum (5) Grlnnell, Condor, v, 1903, p. 157. (6) Linton, Condor, x, 1908,

p. 181.
Vireo huttoni mailliardorum (7) Ridgway, Birds North & Mid. Am., iii, 1904, p. 743. (S)

Linton, Condor, x, 1908, p. 128.
Vireo huttoni Mtttoni (9) Willett, Pac. Coast Avif., 7, 1912, p. 93. (10) Grinnell, Pac.

Coast Avif., 11, 1915, p. 143.

Rather common resident of Santa Cruz, and present on Catalina. In the
latter locality F. Stephens (1) took a female during August, 1886. A subspecies,
V. mailliardorum was described from Santa Cruz Island by J. Grinnell (5).
Said to be slightly smaller than huttoni, especially the bill, darker, more leaden
olive above and a little more huffy yellow below posteriorly. The differences,
however, were deemed by the A. O. U. Committee as too slight for recognition.
A. van Rossem and I found the species fairly common on Santa Cruz in April,
1911, and M-e took several specimens. C. B. Linton ((S) reported it as present in
some numbers during November and December, 1907.

165. Vermivora celata celata (Say)

Orange-crowned Warbler

Helminthophila celata celata (i) Linton, Condor, x, 1908, p. 128.
Vermivora celata celata (2) Grinnell, Pac. Coast Avif., 11, 1915, p. 145.

C. B. Linton (1) shot a bird of this species on Santa Cruz Island, Novem-
ber 29, 1907, M'hich was afterwards lost. Both he and G. Willett, who was with
him at the time, inform me, however, that there was not the slightest doubt but
that the specimen was referable to this form.

166. Vermivora celata sordida (C. H. Townsend)

Dusky Warbler

Helminthophaga celata (1) Cooper, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., iv, 1870, p. 78. (:3) Cooper,
Land Birds Calif., i, 1870, p. 83. (3) Henshaw, Rep. Wheeler Surv.. 1876, p. 233.

Helminthophila celata lutescens ()) Henshaw, Auk, in, 1886, p. 453. (J) Blake, Auk, iv,
1887, p. 330. (6) Belding, Land Birds Pac. Dist, 1890, p. 206.

Hielminthophila']. celata lutescens (7) Streator, Orn. & Ool., xiii, 1888, p. 53.

Helminthophila celata lutescens (?) (.s') Keeler, Zoe, i, 1891, p. 339.

Helminthophila celata sordida (9) Townsend, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xiii, 1890, pp. 139,

1017 BIRDS OF THE SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ISLANDS 91

141. (10) A. O. U. Committee, Auk, viii, 1891, p. 87. (//) Grinnell, Pasadena Acad.

Sci., I, 1897, p. 20. (12) Davie, Nests & Eggs N. Am. Birds, 5th ed., 1898, p. 432. (IS)

Grinnell, Pasadena Acad. Sci., ii, 1898, p. 44. (///) Grinnell, Auk, xv, 1898, pp. 234,

236. (/.T) Grinnell, Bull. Cooper Orn. Club, i, 1899, p. 17. (16) Mailliard, Bull.

Cooper Orn. Club, i. 1899, p. 42. (/7) Oberholser, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xxii, 1900,

p. 233. (JS) Ridgway, Birds North & Mid. Am., ii, 1902, p. 467. (19) Cooke, Bull.

IT. S. Biol. Surv., xviii, 1904, p. 42. (20) Howard, Warbler, ii, 1906, p. 8. (21)

Chapman, Warblers N. Am., 1907, p. 91. (22) Richardson, Condor, x, 190S, p. G8.

(>S) Wright, Condor, xi, 1909, p. 100.
Dusky Warbler (2/,) Beck, Bull. Cooper Orn. Club, i, 1899, p. 86. (2.T) (Snyder), Oolo-

gist, XXVI, 1909, p. 188.
Helminthophila sordida (26) Grinnell, Pac. Coast Avif., 3, 1902, p. 63. (21) Linton,

Condor, x, 1908, p. 86. (28) Linton, Condor, x, 1908, p. 128.
Hielminthophila]. c[elata]. sordida (29) Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 5th ed.. 1903, p. 315.

(30) Bailey, Handb. Birds West. U. S., 2d ed., 1904, p. 405. (31) Reed, N. Am. Birds'

Eggs, 1904, p. 292.
Vermivora celata sordida (32) Oberholser, Auk, xxii, 1905, p. 245. (33) Mearns, Bull.

U. S. Nat. Mus., i.vr, 1907, p. 141. (3Ji) A. O. U. Check-list, 3d ed., 1910, p. 308. (.?.T)

Willett, Pac. Coast Avif., 7, 1912, p. 95. (36) Grinnell. Pac. Coast Avif., 8, 1912, p. 18.

(37) Wright & Snyder, Condor, xv. 1913, p. 92. (3S) Grinnell, Pac. Coast Avif., 11,

1915, p. 146.
Herminthophila c[elata]. sordida (39) Cooke, Auk, xxii, 1905, p. 297.
Helminthophila celata (^lO) Osburn, Condor, xi, 1909, p. 138.

Reported from all the islands except San Nicolas. This subspecies was first
described by C. H. Townsend (,9) from a male taken on San Clemente, January
25, 1889. From lutescens it differs in being darker, with larger feet and bill, and
slightly shorter wings.

On the Coronados I have found the Dusky Warbler common, frequenting
mostly the denser growth of bushes on the hillsides. On May 27, 1914, D. R.
Dickey (MS) found four nests in a certain kind of scrubby bush, the lower or
downhill sides of which are always grown with gray moss. All four nests were
situated in clumps of this, but were empty.

Common on the eastern part of San Clemente, where O. W. Howard (20)
found several sets of eggs in April, and young ready to leave the nest the first
Aveek in May. On the western end of the island, however, the species is almost
lacking, as two or possibly three birds were all that three of us heard or saw
during a three week's stay in the early spring of 1915.

On Catalina I have found it rather abundant in the darker canyons and on
the wooded hillsides. In April, 1907 and 1908, I discovered several nests with
eggs or newly hatched young, but in the same month of 1911, although I found
the birds to be unusually common, they showed no indications of building, and a
diligent search for a week failed to reveal a single nest. Here during the last of
December, 1897, J. Grinnell (ii) says that they were feeding on the fruit of the
opuntia, which had stained their digestive organs and the surrounding tissue a
liright red.

Reported provisionally from Santa Barbara Island by J. G. Cooper (i),
but its occurrence there has not been confirmed, and he may have been mistaken
in the birds he saw. On Anacapa, however, it occui^s in limited numbers, and H.
J. Iieland(> (35) took a set of four slightly incubated eggs there x\pril 6, 1906.

92 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No. 12

On Santa Cruz, A. van Rossem and I met with numbers of these warblers
during April, 1911, and C. B. Linton (28) reported them very common there in
November and December, 1907. J. JNIailliard (16) says that tlie note of the birds
he heard was longer and sti'onger than that of lufcsccns, with two louder addi-
tional notes at the end of the trill. C. H. Townsend (9) mentions a specimen that
was secured on Santa Rosa, January 7, 1889, and 0. W. Howard (MS) says that
he has observed this form on San Miguel.

On a small peninsula near Coronado Beach, known as the Spanish Bight,
and now the aviation camp, I noted many Dusky Warblers, and found three in-
complete nests April 6, 1910. A. M. IngersoU (MS) has also found nests at
Point Loma, nearby. It occurs in limited numbers on the islands during the
fall and winter, but the majority migrate to the mainland, where they may be
found in the lowlands from the Mexican line to Santa Barbara County.

The usual nesting site of the Lutescent Warbler is on the ground, but T liave
never heard of sordida building in such a situation. On the smaller barren isl-
ands, such as the Coronados and Todos Santos (where it is common), they build
in a bush or tangle of vines, a foot or so above the ground, and the nest is always
mainly constructed of gray moss, where this is to be had, lined wnth a little fine
grass. On the larger islands, where there are good-sized trees, the site chosen
may be a thicket of vines several feet above the bed of a stream, a small shrub,
say four feet up, or perhaps an oak as much as fifteen feet above the ground. In
such case the nest is quite substantially made of leaves, twigs, bark, rootlets, and
often a little sheep wool. Three or four eggs constitute a set, and at least two
broods of young are raised each year.

167. Dendroica coronata (Linnaeus)

IMyrtle Warbler

Dendroica coronata (1) Grinnell, Pasadena Acad. Sci., i, 1897, p. 7. (2) Linton, Condor,

XI, 1909, p. 194. (3) Willett. Pac. Coast Avif., 7, 1912, p. 96.
Dendroica coronata hooveri (//) Grinnell, Pac. Coast Avif., 3, 1902, p. 64. (•>) Grinnell,

Pac. Coast Avif., 11, 1915, p. 147.

Uncommon winter visitant to the islands. C. B. Linton (2) recorded this
species as fairly common on San Clemente in the winter of 1908, and J. Grinnell
(1) shot an adult female on Santa Barbara Island, Maj^ 15, 1897, the only one
seen.

168. Dendroica auduboni auduboni (J. K. Townsend)

Audubon Warbler

Dendroica auduboni (1) Grinnell, Pasadena Acad. Sci., i, 1897, p. 20. (2) Grinnell, Auk,
XV, 1898, p. 236. (.3) Mailliard, Bull. Cooper Orn. Club, i, 1899, p. 45. (.'/) Mearns,
Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., lvi, 1907. p. 142. (.5) Richardson, Condor, x, 1908, p. 68. (6)
Linton, Condor, x, 1908, p. 86. (7) van Rossem, Condor, xi, 1909, p. 208. (S) How-
ell and van Rossem, Condor, xiii, 1911, p. 210. (.'/) Grinnell, Pac. Coast Avif., 11,
1915, p. 148.

Audubon Warbler (W) Grinnell, Bull. Cooper Orn. Club, t, 1S99, p. 17.

1917 BIRDS OF THE SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ISLANDS 93

Abundant winter visitant. Arrives in October and leaves in April. A. van
Rossem (7) found this species very common on the Coronados the first week in
April, 1909, and we noted it on San Clemente up to the same time in 1915. It
was very numerous on Catalina during my several visits in April, especially so
in 1911, while during December, 1897, J. Grinnell {10) says that it was even on
the beaches, busily engaged in flycatching within a few feet of the surf. On
Santa Cruz, A. van Rossem and I (8) found a few still present the last week in
April, 1911.

169. Dendroica magnolia (Wilson)

Magnolia Warbler

Dendroica maculosa (1) Grinnell, Pasadena Acad. Sci., i, 1897, p. 7.

Dendroica magnolia {2) Willett, Pac. Coast AviL, 7, 1912, p. 96. (J) Grinnell, Pac. Coast
Avif., 11, 1915, p. 148.

J. Grinnell {!) shot an adult male of this species on Santa Barbara Island,
May 15, 1897. It was the only one seen.

170. Dendroica nigrescens (J. K. Townsend)

Black-throated Gray Warbler
Dendroica nigrescens (1) Dawson, Condor, xvii, 1915, p. 204.

In a little canyon on Santa Cruz Island, W. L. Dawson (l) obtained a close
view of two singing males on the morning of April 19, 1915.

171. Dendroica townsendi (J. K. Townsend)

Townsend Warbler

Dendroica townsendi (i) Grinnell, Pasadena Acad. Sci., i, 1897, p. 7. (2) Linton, Con-
dor X, 1908, p. 128. (3) Linton, Condor, xi, 1909, p. 194. (^) Willett, Pac. Coast
Avif., 7, 1912, p. 97. (5) Grinnell, Pac. Coast Avif., 11, 1915, p. 149.

Probably a regular migrant, although not common. An occasional individ-
ual may spend the winter. On San Clemente Island, C. B. Linton {3) shot a
Townsend Warbler while it was flying along the beach, in December, 1908. H.
Gaylord and J. Grinnell {!) each shot a female on Santa Barbara Island, May
16, 1897, and Linton {2) secured a bird on Santa Cruz, December 13, 1907.

172. Dendroica occidentalis (J. K. Townsend)

Hermit Warbler

Dendroica occidentalis (i) Grinnell, Pasadena Acad. Sci., i, 1897, p. 7. (2) Willett, Pac.
Coast Avif., 7, 1912, p. 97. (3) Grinnell, Pac. Coast Avif., 11, 1915, p. 149.
H. Gaylord (i) took an adult female on Santa Barbara Island, May 14,
1897, and he and J. Grinnell saw three more the same day.

173. Geothlypis trichas arizela Oberholser

Pacific Yellowthroat
Yellowthroat (1) Howell, Condor, xii, 1910, p. 187.

94 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No. 12

Accidental on the islands. While on the Coronados, June 11, 1910, I (i)
encountered two yellowthroats on a dry hillside. They were not at all wary and
I had an excellent opportunity of observing them, hut was at the time without a
gun. When I recorded this I stated the opinion of another to the effect that they
probably were not arizela, but I now feel no hesitation in referring them to that
race. On San Clemente, in a canyon thickly overgrown with succulent vines,
I clearly saw a male yellowthroat, March 23, 1915, as it flitted before me and be-
came lost in the thick growth. It was probably this form.

174. Wilsonia pusilla pileolata (Pallas)

PiLEOLATED WaRBLER

Myiodioctes pusillus {J) Cooper, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., iv, 1870, pp. 78, 80.
Sylvania pusilla pileolata (2) Grinnell, Pasadena Acad. Sci., i, 1897, p. 8.
Wilsonia pusilla pileolata (.3) Grinnell, Condor, v, 1903, p. 80. (//) Willett, Pac. Coast
Avif., 7, 1912, p. 98. (5) Grinnell, Pac. Coast Avif., 11, 1915, p. 152.

Rather uncommon migrant. J. Gr. Cooper {!) recorded what was probably
this subspecies from Catalina Island in October, 1863. On Santa Barbara Isl-
and, May 14, 15 and 16, 1897, J. Grinnell and H. Gaylord {2) noted several
each day in the weeds of a small ravine. Two males and three females were
taken.

175. Anthus rubescens (Tunstall)

Pipit

Anthus pensilvanicus (i) Linton, Condor, x, 1908, p. 86. (2) Linton, Condor, x, 1908, p.

128.
Anthus rubescens {3) Grinnell, Pac. Coast Avif., 11, 1915, p. 153.

Fairly rare winter visitant. C. B. Linton (i) shot a specimen on San Cle-
mente, October 18, 1907, and {2) saw several on Santa Cruz Island during No-
vember and December of the same year.

176. Mimus polyglottos leucopterus (Vigors)

Western Mockingbird

Mimus polyglottos (1) Belding, Land Birds Pac. Dist, 1890, p. 226. (2) Grinnell, Pasa-
dena Acad. Sci., i, 1897, p. 20. (3) Grinnell, Auk, xv, 1898. p. 234. (J,) Mailliard,
Bull. Cooper Orn. Club, i, 1899, p. 42. (5) Oberholser, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xxii,
1900, p. 233.

Mockingbird {(>) Grinnell, Bull. Cooper Orn. Club, i, 1899, p. 17.

Mimus polyglottos leucopterus (7) Breninger, Auk, xxi, 1904, p. 223. (8) Richardson,
Condor, viii, 1906, p. 56. (.';) Mearns, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., lvi, 1907, p. 142. (/O)
Ridgway, Birds North & Mid. Am., iv, 1907, p. 229. (11) Richardson, Condor, x, 1908,
p. 68. {12) Linton, Condor, x, 1908, p. 86. (13) Linton, Condor, x, 1908, p. 128.
(i//) A. O. U. Check-list, 3d ed., 1910, p. 331. (lo) Burt, Condor, xiii, 1911, p. 166.
(IC) Grinnell, Auk, xxviii, 1911, p. 294. (11) Willett, Pac. Coast Avif., 7, 1912, p.
100. (18) Grinnell, Pac. Coast Avif., 11, 1915, p. 153.

Common resident of San Clemente, Santa Catalina and Santa Cruz islands.
Occurs also on Anacapa. On San Clemente, during 1903, G. F. Breninger (7)
found this species breeding sparingly, about half a dozen pairs being on the isl-

1917 BIRDS OF THE SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ISLANDS 95

and, but the birds have evidently increased amazingly since that time, for now
they are commoner than I have ever seen them elsewhere. Several nests held
small young before the first of April, 1915, and a number wdth eggs were found
by us. J. Grinnell {2) states that birds from this island at least are lighter dor-
sally than those from the mainland, and this also holds good in the case of my
single specimen. I have found mockingbirds common on Catalina in the early
spring, and Grinnell (6) says that in December, 1908, they were feeding on the
fruit of the cholla cactus, which had stained their faces bright red. C. H. Rich-
ardson (11) here heard one imitating the call of a Western Gull.

H. C. Burt (15) heard one singing on Anacapa, March 16, 1911. Near
Prisoner's Harbor, Santa Cruz Island, A. van Rossem and I found them to be
rather rare, only two being encountered during our stay in the spring of 1911,
but C. B. Linton [13) reported them fairly common in November and Decem-
ber of 1907.

177. Salpinctes obsoletus obsoletus (Say)

Rock Wren

Salpinctes obsoletus (1) Cooper, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., iv, 1870, p. 78. (.3) Henshaw,
Rep. Wheeler Surv., 1876, p. 231. (J) Streator, Orn. & Ool., xiii, 1888, p. 54. (.'/)
Belding, Land Birds Pac. Dist, 1890, p. 229. (.J) Townsend, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus.,
XIII, 1890, p. 141. (6) Keeler, Zoe, i, 1891, p. 339. (7) Grinnell, Pasadena Acad. Sci.,
I, 1897, pp. 8, 20. (8) Grinnell, Auk, xv, 1898, p. 236. (9) Mailliard, Bull. Cooper
Orn. Club, i, 1899, pp. 41, 45. (10) Oberholser, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xxii, 1900, p.
233. ill) Grinnell, Pac. Coast Avif., 3, 1902, p. 68. (12) Grinnell and Daggett, Auk,
XX, 1903, pp. 33, 37. (13) Breninger, Auk, xxi, 1904, p. 223. (U,) Mearns, Bull.
U. S. Nat. Mus., Lvi, 1907, p. 141. (15) Linton, Condor, x, 1908, p. 128. (IG) Grin-
nell, Condor, x, 1908, p. 130. (J7) Wright, Condor, xi, 1909, p. 100. (IS) Osburn,
Condor, xi, 1909, p. 138. (19) Willett, Condor, xii, 1910, p. 171.

Salpinctes pulverius (20) Grinnell, Pac. Coast Avif., 3, 1902, p. 68.

Salpinctes obsoletus obsoletus (21) Ridgway, Birds North & Mid. Am., in, 1904, p. 646.
(22) A. O. U. Check-list, 3d ed., 1910, p. 336. (23) Willett, Pac. Coast Avif., 7, 1912,
p. 101. (24) Wright and Snyder, Condor, xv, 1913, p. 92. (23) Swarth, Condor,
XVI, 1914, p. 211. (20) Grinnell, Pac. Coast Avif., 11, 1915, p. 156.

Salpinctes obsoletus pulverius (27) Linton, Condor, x, 1908, p. 86.

Common resident on all the islands except San Nicolas. On the Coronados
I have frequently met with this species on all four islands. Most numerous well
back from the shore and towards the tops of the islands. On San Clemente it is
fairly common, and D. R. Dickey shot a juvenile as early as April 9, 1915. Dur-
ing my several visits to Catalina in the spring, these birds were almost rare, but
J. Grinnell (MS) found them to be very common everywhere on the flats, as well
as among the rocks, near Johnson Harbor the latter part of August, 1903. G.
Willett (19) says they are common on Anacapa, and 0. W. Howard (23) took
a set of seven slightly incubated eggs there April 30, 1906. On May 1, 1908, I
noted them in some numbers on Santa Barbara Island, and a couple of pairs
were engaged in nest building, probably for the second time that year. Near
Prisoner's Plarbor, Santa Cruz, A. van Rossem and I found the species rare in
the spring of 1911, but C. B. Linton (15) recorded it as fairly numerous there
during November and December, 1907. There are single records of this bird

96 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No. 12

from San Miguel and Santa Rosa. G. Willett {19), in June, 1910, found it to
be one of the commonest birds on San Miguel, and during the same month he
noted it on Santa Rosa also.

J. Grinnell {20) at one time referred birds from San Clemente to 8. o. pul-
verius, but H. S. Swarth {25), after having examined larger series, states that
birds from that island are indistinguishable from those of the mainland.

178. Salpinctes obsoletus pulverius Grinnell

San Nicolas Rock Wren

Salpinctes obsoletus (1) Streator, Orn. & Ool., xiii, 1888, p. 54. (2) Keeler, Zoe, i, 1891,
p. 340. (3) Grinnell, Pasadena Acad. Sci., i, 1897, p. 10.

Salpinctes ohsoletus pulverius (4) Grinnell, Auk, xv, 1898, p. 237. (J) Bailey, Handb.
Birds West. U. S., 2d ed., 1904, p. 443. (6) Ridgway, Birds North & Mid. Am., in,
1904, p. 649. (7) Linton, Condor, x, 1908, p. 129. (8) A. O. U. Committee, Auk, xxv,
1908, p. 350. {9) A. O. U. Check-list, 3d ed., 1910, p. 336. ilO) Linton, Condor,
XIII, 1911, p. 109. ill) Linton, Auk, xxviii, 1911, p. 489. (/:?) Willett, Pac. Coast
Avif., 7, 1912, p. 101. (13) Grinnell, Pac. Coast Avif., 8, 1912, p. 17. (///) Swarth,
Condor, xvi, 1914, p. 211. (15) Grinnell, Pac. Coast Avif., 11, 1915, p. 157.

Salpinctes pulverius (16) Grinnell, Pac. Coast Avif., 3, 1902, p. 68.

Confined to San Nicolas Island where it is a common resident. Originally
described by J. Grinnell {4) from birds taken on San Nicolas, ]\Iay 19, 1897.
Characterized as differing from ohsoletus in larger feet and bill, and more liuffj'
coloration. H. S. Swarth {14), after assembling all available specimens of this
genus from the Pacific Coast, states that although the buffy coloration is very
pronounced in San Nicolas specimens with worn and abraded plumage, it is
merely an adventitious acquisition and one that cannot be regarded as a subspe-
cific character, for birds taken in freshly acquired autumnal plumage are indis-
tinguishable in color and pattern from mainland birds in similar feather. He
thus comes to the conclusion that the only subspecific difference is a slightly
greater length of culmen.

J. Grinnell {3) found these birds shy, and the adults especially, hard to ap-
proach. They were very numerous over the whole island, but unusually so along
the dry watercourses. From May 19 to 26, 1897, he found juvenals more abund-
ant than adults. As G. Willett {12) discovered a nest in a sandstone cliff con-
taining a single fresh egg, as late as June 24, 1911, they must raise at least two
broods each year. On April 14, 1911, C. B. Linton (7) noted a pair carrying
nesting material into a crack under the eaves of a storehouse close to where sheep
were being sheared, but like the mainland bird, the usual site chosen is a pocket
in a boulder or cliff. A set of six incubated eggs collected by H. Gaylord from
a crack in a clayey bank of a gully, May 22, 1897, average .8()x.64 inches.

179. Catherpes mexicanus conspersus Ridgway

Canyon AVren
Catherpes mexicanus conspersus (1) van Rosseni, Condor, xi, 1909, p. 208.

On the Coronados, March 29, 1909, A. van Rossem {1) shot an adult male
Catherpes which J. Grinnell pronounced C. m. polioptiJus, stating that it was

1917 BIRDS OF THE SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ISLANDS 97

nearer consi^crsus than piouiidatits. This specimen is now in my collection, and
is oven lighter than any examples of conspersus which I have.

180. Catherpes mexicanus punctulatus Ridgway

Dotted Canyon Wren

Catherpes mexicanus punctulatus {J) Linton, Condor, x, 1908, p. 128. (?) Willett, Pac.
Coast Avif., 7, 1912, p. 101. (3) Grinnell, Pac. Coast Avif., 11, 1915, p. 157.

C. B. Linton {!) shot one of these birds on Santa Cruz Island, December
19, 1907.

181. Thryomanes bewicki charienturus Oberholser

San Diego Wren

Thryothorus bewickii (1) Cooper, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., iv, 1870, p. 78.

Thryomanes bevAckii spilurus (2) Blake, Auk, iv, 1887, p. 3.30. (3) Grinnell, Auk, xv,

1898, pp. 234, 236. (J) Mailliard, Bull. Cooper Orn. Club, i, 1899, p. 42. (.7) Bailey,

Handb. Birds West. U. S., 2d ed., 1904, p. 446.
Thryothorus betvickii hairdi {(t) Townsend, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xiii, 1890, p. 140. (7)

Keeler, Zoe, i, 1891, p. 339.
Thryomanes bewickii charienturus (8) Oberholser, Proc. IT. S. Nat. Mus., xxi, 1898, p.

435. (.9) Allen, Auk, xvi, 1899, p. 346. (10) Oberholser, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xxii,

1900, p. 233. (11) A. O. U. Committee, Auk, xviii. 1901, p. 307. (/.?) Ridgway,

Birds North & Mid. Am., in, 1904, p. 561.
Thryomanes bewickii nesophilus (13) Oberholser, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xxi, 1898, p. 442.

(1-',) Allen, Auk, xvi, 1899, p. 350. (15) Oberholser, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xxii, 1900,

p. 234. (16) A. O. U. Committee, Auk, xviii, 1901, p. 314. (77) Ridgway, Birds

North & Mid. Am., in, 1904, p. 562.
Vigors Wren (18) Grinnell, Bull. Cooper Orn. Club, i, 1899, p. 17.

Thryomanes nesophilus (19) Grinnell, Pac. Coast Avif., 3, 1902, p. 69. (20) Linton, Con-
dor, X, 1908, p. 128.
Thryomanes bewicki charienturus (21) Richardson, Condor, x, 1908, p. 68. (22) A. O. U.

Check-list, 3d ed., 1910, p. 339. (23) Howell and van Rossem, Condor, xiii, 1911, p.

210.
Thryomanes bewicki catalinae (2Jf) Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., v, 1910, p. 308. (2.7)

Willett, Pac. Coast Avif., 7, 1912, p. 102. (26) Grinnell, Pac. Coast Avif., 8, 1912, p.

16. (27) A. O. U. Committee, Auk, xxix, 1912, p. 387. (28) Grinnell, Pac. Coast

Avif., 11, 1915, p. 158. (29) Swarth, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., 4th Ser., vi, no. 4, 1916, p.

78.
Thryomanes bewicki nesophilus (30) Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., v, 1910, p. 308.

(31) Willett, Pac. Coast Avif., 7, 1912, p. 102. (32) Grinnell, Pac. Coast Avif., 8,

1912, p. 17. (33) Wright and Snyder, Condor, xv, 1913, p. 92. (3-'i) Grinnell, Pac.

Coast Avif., 11, 1915, p. 158. (3o) Swarth, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., 4th Ser. vi, no. 4,

1916, p. 78.

Common resident of C'atalina, Santa Cniz and Santa Rosa islands. J. Grin-
nell (24) described a subspecies from Catalina, the type being an adult male
taken by him December 24, 1897. Its characters as given are : darker colora-
tion dorsally than charienturus, with heavier bill and larger feet. From leuco-
phrys it differs in being darker and less ashy, with more h(^a\'ily barred under-
tail coverts. The differences are rather slight, although constant in all speci-
mens wliicli I liave examined, and it was rejected by the A. 0. TT. Committee {27).

98 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No. 12

In habits the Catalina wren is very similar to that of the mainland, being
met with in the dry, heavy brush and in the wooded canyon liottoms. The birds
prefer to breed in the latter places, selecting a knot hole or crack in a tree trunk,
and in such a situation, on April 11, 1911, I found a nest which held one fresh
egg. The species has been ascribed to Santa Barbara and San Nicolas islands by
J. G. Cooper (1) , but no one has since reported it from either place.

Another subspecies, T. h. ncsophilus was described by H. C. Oberholser {13)
from a bird taken on Santa Cruz Island by C. H. Townsend, February 7, 1889.
From charientnrus it is said to differ in being darker and more rufescent above,
and from spilurus in being lighter and grayer with a longer bill. H. S. Swarth
{35) states that he finds birds from Santa Cruz Island most nearly like charien-
turus. and that the difference is very slight indeed, specimens being practically
indistinguishable from birds that occupy the intermediate coastal region between
the ranges of cliari&nturus and spilurus. It is inferred that this applies also to
the wrens of Santa Rosa Island.

On Santa Cruz these wrens may be met with wherever fairly dense brush
occurs. J. Mailliard {4) states that they have but one song, sounding different
from that of their mainland cousins, who have several. In this locality during
the latter part of April, 1011, A. van Rossem and I found a nest containing half
groAvn young among the rafters of a small shack.

182. Thryomanes leucophrys (Anthony)

San ClExMente AVren

Thryotliorus bewickii (1) Cooper, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., iv, 1870, p. 78.

Thryothorus bewickii bairdi (2) Townsend. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xiii, 1890, p. 140. (3)

Keeler, Zoe, i, 1891, p. 340.
Thryothorus lexicophrys (.'/) Anthony, Auk, xii, 1895, p. 51. (.5) A. O. U. Committee, Auk,

XII, 1895, p. 166. (6) Grinnell, Pasadena Acad. Sci., i, 1897, p. 21. (7) Davie, Nests

and Eggs N. Am. Birds, 5th ed., 1898, p. 473.
Thryomanes bewickii leucophrys (.S) Oberholser, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xxi, 1898, p. 443.

(9) Ridgway, Birds North & Mid. Am., ii, 1904, p. 563. (10) Mearns, Bull. U. S. Nat.

Mus., r.vi, 1907, p. 141.
Thryomanes leucophrys (77) Grinnell, Pac. Coast Avif., 3, 1902, p. 69. (12) Breninger,

Auk, XXI, 1904, p. 221. (7.:?) Bailey, Handb. Birds West. U. S., 2d ed., 1904, p. 448.

(l.'i) Reed, N. Am. Birds' Eggs, 1904, p. 316. (7-7) Linton, Condor, x, 1908, p. 86.

(16) A. O. U. Check-list, 3d ed., 1910, p. 339. (77) Willett, Pac. Coast Avif., 7, 1912,

p. 102.
Tlhryomanesl. leucophrys (78) Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 5th ed., 1903, p. 296.
Thryomanes bewicki leucophrys (19) Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., v, 1910, p. 308.

(20) Grinnell, Pac. Coast Avif., 8, 1912, p. 16. (21) Grinnell, Pac. Coast Avif., 11,

1915, p. 158. (22) Swarth, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., 4th Ser., vi, no. 4, 1916, p. 79.

Abundant resident of San Clemente Island. Originally described by A. W.
Anthony (4). Differs from charienturus in coloration being grayer, under tail
coverts less heavily barred, and wing and bill decidedly longer. These wrens are
evenly distributed over San Clemente, frecpienting the densest thorn bushes and
cactus patches, from the tops of which their loud clear song, differing but little
from that of the mainland bird, is given. Before one is within good range of
them they will casually hop down into the lower cactus, and it is very hard indeed

1017 BIRDS OF THE SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ISLANDS 99

to make them show themselves again. If it is in a low thorn bush that they dis-
appear, no amount of trampling will bring a bird forth, 1)nt as soon as one steps
off tlie ])nsh, out he pops and away to another one. I shot a ju venal with fully
grown tail, April 2, 1915. and from then on the youngsters were not rare. The
eggs have evidently never been discovered, but T l)elieve that the nest is invari-
ably l)uilt in the center of a dense patch of cactus. AVhile I was trying to remove
a dead bird from such a place, on iMarch 29, and smashing the cactus as I went,
I uncovered an unfinished nest, probably pertaining to this species. It was
wedged under and between cactus leaves some eight inches above the ground, a
three inch ball formed of soft fiber, and with the entrance on one side. Two
days later when I returned, some little lining had been added. l)ut tlie situation
had been so disturbed that it was deserted before eggs were laid.

183. Trog:lod3rtes aedon parkmani Audu])on

Western House Wrex

J. Grinnell (MS) secured an immature male on Santa Cruz Island, Septem-
ber 3, 1903.

184. Nannus hiemalis pacificus (Baird)

Western Winter Wren

Nannus hiemalis pacificus (/) Willett, Pac. Coast Avif., 7, 1912, p. 102. (.') Grinnell,
Pac. Coast Avif., 11, 1915, p. 159.

The single record is that of,a. female taken by C. B. Linton (1) on Santa
Cruz Island, October 23, 1908.

185. Telmatodytes palustris paludicola (Baird)

TuLE Wren

On San Nicolas Island, during January, 1911, C. B. Linton (MS) found a
pair of these birds about a spring. As he noted them at the same spot for sev-
eral weeks, there is small chance that the identity was incorrect. ^lany speci-
mens of marsh wrens taken in the lowlands of Los Angeles Count.v during the
winter months, however, are referable to T. p. jilcsius, so it is not impossible that
the birds which Linton observed were of the latter race.

186. Sitta canadensis Linnaeus

Red-breasted Nuthatch

Sitta canadensis (/) Howell and van Rossem, Condor, xiir, 1911, p. 210. (2) Willett,
Pac. Coast Avif., 7, 1912, p. 104. (3) Grinnell, Pac. Coast Avif.. 11, 1915, p. 161.

During four or five trijis to the wooded top of Santa Cruz Island during the
latter part of April, 1911, A. van Rossem and I (1) saw a couple of dozen of
these birds, and took six specimens. These average a very little smaller than
birds from the mainland and the east, but are otherwise indistinguishable. On
Alay 1 I watched an individual excavating a nesting site in a dead stub, so they
evidently remain during the entire year. C. B. Linton (2) shot three October
3 and 4, 1908.

100 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No. 12

187. Psaltriparus minimus minimus (J. K. ToAvnsend)

Coast Bush-tit

Psaltria niinimus californicus (/) Mailliard, Bull. Cooper Orn. Club, i, 1899. p. 4.5.
Psaltriparus mmimus minimus (2) Linton, Condor, x, 1908, p. 129. (.?) Swarth, Auk,

XXXI, 1914, p. 499. (.'/) Grinnell, Pac. Coast Avif., 11, 1915, p. 16.5.
Psaltriparus minimus californicus (5) Willett, Pac. Coast Avlf., 7, 1912, p. 105. (6)

Wright and Snyder, Condor, xv, 1913, p. 92.

Common resident of Santa Cruz Island, and occurs on Catalina. In the
brushy oak timber and on the canyon sides of Santa Cruz, these tiny birds are
often met with. During late April, 1911, A. van Rossem and I found them to be
rather common. H. Wright and G. K. Snyder (6) noted a flock in the brush,
July 7, 1912, and C. B. Linton (2) recorded several seen during November and
December, 1907. G. Willett (MS) says he has seen quite a few in the western oak
region of Catalina in the springs of 1904 and 1905.

H. S. Swarth (.5), in his paper relating to this genus, reports conclusively
that the island bird is vtinimus and not caUforvicus as some times recorded.

188. Regulus satrapa olivaceus Baird
Western Golden-crowned Kinglet

Regulus satrapa olivaceus (1) Willett, Pac. Coast Avif., 7, 1912, p. 105. (!) Grinnell,
Pac. Coast Avif., 11, 1915, p. 167.

C. B. Linton (1) shot a pair on Santa Cruz Island, October 21, 1908.

189. Regulus calendula calendula (Linnaeus)

RUBY-CROW^NED KiNGLET

Regulus calendula (1) Cooper, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., iv, 1870, p. 78. (2) Grinnell, Auk,

XV, 1898, p. 236. (3) Linton, Condor, x, 1908, p. 129.
Regulus calendula calendula (J/) Willett, Pac. Coast. Avif., 7, 1912, p. 106.

Probably a regular but fairly rare winter visitant to suitable localities. J.
Grinnell (2) noted a very few of these birds on Catalina the last of December,
1897, and C. B. Linton (,5) found them rather common on Santa Cruz during
November and December, 1907.

190. Polioptila caerulea obscura Ridgway

Western Gnatcatcher

Polioptila melanura (/) Cooper, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., iv, 1870, p. 78.

Polioptila caerulea ohscura (2) Linton, Condor, x, 1908, p. 129. (,3) Osburn, Condor, xi,

1909, p. 138. (-'/) Willett, Pac. Coast Avif., 7, 1912, p. 106. (5) Grinnell, Pac. Coast

Avif., 11, 1915, p. 168.

Rather rare on Catalina and Santa Cruz islands, but probably resident. G.
Willett {MS) occasionally met with tliem on the western part of Catalina during
March, 1905. The specimen, now in the Berkeley Museum of Vertebrate Zoology,
which J. G. Cooper {!) took on Catalina in 1861, and which he labelled P. melan-
ura, proves to be obscura. C. B. Linton and G. Willett (2) heard gnatcatchers
several times on Santa Cruz Island in Noveml)er and December, 1907, and a male
was secured October 21, 1908.

1917 BIRDS OF THE SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ISLANDS 101

191. Hylocichla ustulata ustulata (Nuttall)

Russet-backed Thrush

Turdus ustulatus (1) Grinnell, Pasadena Acad. Sci., i, 1897, p. 8.
Hylocichla ustulata (2) Linton, Condor, x, 1908, p. 86.

Hylocichla ustulata ustulata {3) Linton, Condor, x, 1908, p. 129. (J,) Willett, Pac. Coast
Avif., 7, 1912, p. 107. (J) Grinnell, Pac. Coast Avif., 11, 1915, p. 169.

Probably a fairly common transient. C. B. Linton (2) states that on San
Clemente during October, 1907, these birds were common in the larger canyons.
On Santa Barbara, J. Grinnell (1) saw three and secured a female, May 16, 1897.
Linton (5) also shot one on Santa Cruz Island in the late fall of 1907.

192. Hylocichla guttata guttata (Pallas)

Alaska Hermit Thrush

Tardus aonalaschkae (1) Grinnell, Pasadena Acad. Sci., i, 1897, p. 21. (2) Grinnell,

Auk, XV, 1898, p. 236.
Hylocichla aonalaschkae (S) Mailliard, Bull. Cooper Orn. Club, i, 1899, p. 45. (7/) Ober-

holser, Proc. U. S, Nat. Mus., xxii, 1900, p. 234.
Hylocichla guttata (5) Mearns, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., lvi, 1907, p. 142.

Visits the islands in small numbers during the winter. J. Grinnell (MS)
took a female on San Clemente, March 28, 1897, and two males on Catalina, De-
cember 24 and 28, respectively, of the same year. H. C. Oberholser (4) men-
tions a typical female as having been taken by C. P. Streator on Catalina in
April, 1892, and I shot a specimen on Santa Cruz Island, April 27, 1911. These
are all the island specimens which I can locate.

193. Planesticus migratorius propinquus (Ridgway)

Western Robin
Planesticus migratorius propinquus (i) Dawson, Condor, xvii, 1915, p. 204.

Casual on the islands. H. Linton told G. Willett {MS) that he had seen a
robin on San Nicolas during the winter of 1912. While we were preparing
breakfast on San Clemente, April 7, 1915, a single bird flew close above D. R.
Dickey and myself, and lit on a rock a hundred yards away. By the time I had
secured my gun it had disappeared. W. L. Dawson {!) noted a few on Santa
Cruz Island during the first part of April, 1915.

194. Ixoreus naevius meriiloides (Swainson)

Northern Varied Thrush

Ixoreus naevius (1) Linton, Condor, x, 1908, p. 86.

Ixoreus naevius meruloides (2) Willett, Pac. Coast Avif., 7, 1912, p. 109. (3) Grinnell,

Pac. Coast Avif., 11, 1915, p. 172.
Ixoreus naevius naevius (4) Dawson, Condor, xvii, 1915, p. 204.

Visits the islands in limited numbers during the winter months. Several
specimens were taken by C. B. Linton (i) on San C-lemente Island from January
to April, 1907, and W. L. Dawson (4) noted a single bird, April 5, 1915, and
another on the following day, on Santa Cruz.

102 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No. 12

195. Sialia mexicana occidentalis J. K. Townsend

Western BiiUEBiRo

Sialia mexicana occidentalis (1) Linton, Condor, xi, 1909, p. 194. (?) Willett, Pac. Coast
Avif., 7, 1912, p. 109.

Rare migrant. C. B. Linton (1) secured an adult male on San Clemente
Island in December 1908, and 1 saw a single bird on Santa Barbara as late as
May 1, 1908.

HYPOTHETICAL LIST

1. Priocella glacialoides (A.Smith)

Slender-billed Fulmar
FuJmarus glacialoides Baird, Brewer and Ridgway, Water Birds N. Am., ii, 1884, p. 374.
A skeleton was found on Catalina Island by J. G. Cooper, which he ascribed
to this species. Systematic collecting off the islands should produce records of
this bird, but the above instance of its occurrence is inconclusive.

2. Oceanites oceanicus (Kuhl)

Wilson Petrel

Oceanites oceanicus Cooper, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., iv, 1868, p. 11.

J. Gr. Cooper saw a white-rumped petrel near San Nicolas Island in July,
1863, which he ascribed to this form. In all probability a case of mistaken iden-
tity.

3. Marila af finis (Eyton)

Lesser Scaup Duck
Aythya affinis Linton, Condor, x, 1908, p. 83.

On San Clemente Island during February, 1907, C. B. Linton saw several
ducks which he believed to be of this species. I personally believe it very likely
that the species is occasionally found about the islands, but as Linton himself is
not at all sure of his identification of the birds seen, I have thought it best to
relegate the record to the hypothetical list.

4. Branta canadensis, subsp.

On Santa Cruz Island, April 25, 1911, a single goose of this group flew over
A. van Rossem. He is of the opinion that it was B. c. hutchinsi, and it seems
likely that such was the case.

5. Totanus flavipes (Gmelin)

Yellowlegs

' C. C. Lamb informs me that while he and R. H. Beck were on the Coronados,
April 11, 1908, the latter shot a yellowlegs which they believed was small enough

1917 BIRDS OF THE SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ISLANDS 103

for this species, rather than the larger T. melanoleucus, but the present location
of the specimen is unknown.

6. Micropallas whitneyi (J. G. Cooper)

Elf Owl

Microthene whitneyi ? Cooper, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., iv, 1870, p. 77.

J. G. Cooper thought that he heard an owl one night on Santa Barbara Isl-
and, and ascribed the sound to this species, provisionally. Its occurrence is ex-
tremely improbable,

7. Geococcyx calif ornianus (Lesson)

Road-runner

Geococcyx californiantis Cooper, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., iv, 1870, p. 77. Grinnell, Con-
dor, IX, 1907, p. 52.

J. G. Cooper reported this bird from Catalina Island, but J. Grinnell, in his
article on the California distribution of the species, states that he does not know
of its occurrence on any of the islands. It is possible that during the sixties it
occurred on Catalina and has since become extirpated, but as none has been re-
ported since, it is safer to conclude that there was some mistake in regard to the
first record.

8. Dryobates nuttalli (Gambel)

NuTTALL Woodpecker
Piciis nuttalli ? Cooper, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., iv, 1870, p. 77.

J. G. Cooper listed this bird from Catalina, but mentions that he is uncer-
tain in regard to it.

9. Zonotrichia leucophrys nuttalli Ridgway

NuTTALL Sparrow
Zonotrichia leucophrys nuttalli Dawson, Condor, xvii, 1915, p. 204.

W. L. Dawson states that while on Santa Cruz Island during the middle of
April, 1915, "individuals of this small dark type were seen at close range". This
subspecies is too hard to distinguish in life for a sight record to be conclusive.

10. ProgTie subis hesperia Brewster

Western Martin
Progne purpurea ? Cooper, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., iv, 1870, p. 78.
Recorded provisionally from Catalina by J. G. Cooper.

11. Riparia riparia (Linnaeus)

Bank Swallow
Clivicola riparia Streator, Orn. & Ool., xiii, 1888, p. 54.

Reported from San Miguel in 1886 by C. P. Streator. Although it is by no

104 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No. 12

means impossible that this species may occur upon tlie islands occasionally, the
above unsubstantiated record is inconclusive.

12. Vireosylva gilva swainsoni (Baird)

Western Warbling Vireo

Vireosylva gilva swainsoni Dawson, Condor, xvii, 1915, p. 204.

W. L. Dawson states that he heard one of these birds on Santa Cruz during
the morning of April 4, 1915. This identification is too uncertain to stand as a
record.

13. Hylocichla g-uttata nanus (Audubon)

Dwarf Hermit Thrush

T Urdus nanus Cooper, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., iv, 1870, p. 78.

Hylocichla guttata nana Richardson, Condor, x, 1908, p. 68. Linton, Condor, x, 1908, p.

86. Linton, Condor, x, 1908, p. 129.
Hylocichla guttata nanus Willett, Pac. Coast Avif., 7, 1912, p. 108.

It is with considerable hesitation that I place this subspecies in the hypo-
thetical list. The presence of nanus upon the islands in winter is to be expected,
and there are several records of its occurrence, ])ut I can learn of no definitely
identified specimens ever having been taken, and so must include the form con-
ditionally.

TABULATION OF SPECIES BY ISLANDS

To facilitate comparison of the avifauna of the several islands, I have pre-
pared the following table. Although there are many species which certainly oc-
cur on all the islands, though recorded from but a few, I have not taken this fact
into account, having marked with an asterisk (*) only those birds which have
been definitely reported from the several islands.

1917

BIRDS OF THE SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ISLANDS

105

'6

m
o

-o

cS

a
o

^^
O

o

m
o

a>

C

s

5
m

-d

o
o

z

m

•d

cS

H

O

+->

d

m

'6

e8

u

pa

aJ

d

-d
ca

«

el

2

IS]

O

s

a

-d

03

o
K

m

•6

CI

ea
73

1

Aechmophorus occidentalis

*

*

*
*

if

2.

Colymbus auritus

3

Colymbus n. californicus

*

*

*

*

4

Podilymbus podiceps

5.

Gavia immer

*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*

fi

Gavia pacifica

*

*

7.

Gavia stellata

8

Lunda cirrhata

*

*
*
*
*

*
*
*

*
*

*

9

Cerorhinca monocerata

*
*

*
*
*
*

in

Ptychoramphus aleuticus

*

11

Synthliboramphus antiquus

i;^

Brachyramphus hypoleucus

*

*

*

i;^

Brachyramphiis craveri

14

Cepphus columba .

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

15

Uria t. californica

*

1R

Rissa t. pollicaris

*

17.

Larus glaucescens

*
*
*
*

*

*
*
*

*
*
*
4:
*

18

Lams occidentalis

*

*

*

*

*

19.

Larus argentatus

20.

Larus californicus

21,

Larus delawarensis

*
*
*

22.

Larus brachyrhynchus

23

Larus heermanni

*

*

*

*

*
*
*
*

*

24.

Larus Philadelphia

25.

Xema sabini

*
*

*

■*

26

Sterna maxima

*

«

*
*
*
*
*

*

27

Sterna forsteri

28,

Diomedea nigripes

*
*
*

*
*

*

*
*

*

*

29.

Diomedea albatrus

30.

Fulmarus g. glupischa

*
*

*

*
*
*

31

Puffinus creatopus

*
*

*

*

32.

Puffinus opisthomelas

33

Puffinus griseus

*

«

*

*

*

*

34.

Oceanodroma kaedingi

35.

Oceanodroma melania

*

1

*

*

36.

Oceanodroma homochroa

*

*

*

37.

Oceanodroma socorroensis

*

*
*
*

*
*

38.

Phalacrocorax a. albociliatus

*
*
*
*

*
*

*

*
*
*
*
*
*

*
*

*

*
*
*
*

*
*
*
*

*

*

39.

Phalacrocorax penicillatus

*

40.

Phalacrocorax p. resplendens

*

41.

Pelecanus californicus

*

42.

Fregata aquila

43.

Mergus serrator

*
*

*

44.

Dafila acuta

45,

Oidemia americana

*
*
*

46.

Oidemia deglandi

*

*
*
*

*

*

*

*

47,

Oidemia perspicillata

*

*

*

48,

Chen h. hyperboreus

49.

Anser a. gambeli

*

*

50,

Ardea h. herodias

*

*

*

*

51.

Butorides v. anthonyi

j

52.

Nycticorax n. naevius

*
*

1

53.

Porzana Carolina

1

54.

Fulica americana

*
*

1

55.

Phalaropus fulicarius

*

*

*

*

56.

Lobipes lobatus

1

106

PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA

No. 12

a

57. Recurvirostra americana

58. Himantopus mexicanus

59. Macrorhamphus g. scolopaceus

60. Pisobia bairdi

61. Pisobia minutilla

62. Ereunetes mauri

63. Calidris leucophaea

64. Totanus melanoleucus

63. lielodromas s. cinnamomeus ...

66. Catoptrophorus s. inornatus

67. Heteractitis incanus

68. Actitis macularia

69. Numenius hudsonicus

70. Squatarola squatarola

71. Oxyechus vociferus

72. Aeglalitis semipalmata

73. Aegialitis nivosa

74. Podasocys montanus

75. Apliriza virgata

76. Arenaria i. morinella

77. Arenaria melanocephala

78. Haematopus frazari

79. Haematopus bachmani

80. Lophortyx c. vallicola

81. Zenaidura m. marginella

82. Circus hudsonius

83. Accipiter velox

84. Accipiter cooperi

85. Buteo borealis calurus

86. Buteo swainsoni

87. Haliseetus 1. leucocephalus

88. Falco mexicanus

89. Falco p, anatum

90. Falco c. columbarius

91. Falco s. phalaena

92. Pandion h. carolinensis

93. Aluco pratincola

94. Asio wilsonianus

95. Asio flammeus

96. Bubo V. pacificus

97. Speotyto c. hypogaea

98. Ceryle alcyon

99. Sphyrapicus r. ruber

100. Asyndesmus lewisi

101. Colaptes c. coUaris

102. Phalaenoptilus n. californicus ..

103. Chordeiles a. texensis

104. Chaetura vauxi

105.' Aeronautes melanoleucus

106. Calypte costae

107. Calypte anna

108. Selasphorus alleni

109. Tyrannus verticalis

110. Tyrannus vociferans

111. Myiarchus c. cinerascens

112. Sayornis sayus

I * I

1917

BIRDS OF THE SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ISLANDS

107

\

■6

m
o

a
o
(l
o
u

cc

o

01

a

a

OJ

O

c

'6

o
y

Z

a

■6

a
a

U
c

-d

d

u
cS '

u
cS

m

C
CO

2

ft
c(3
«

C
<

-d

P

u

XJ

CS
CO

o

PC!

B

c5

m

XJ

Hi
3
Ml

i

en

113. Sayornis nigricans

*
*

*

*

*

*
*
*

if

114. Myiochanes r. richardsoni

*

115. Empidonax d. difficilis

*

116. Empidonax t. trailli

i|:

117. Empidonax hammondi

*
*

*

*

•>

*

118. Otocoris a. insularis

*

*
*
*

*

*

119. Aphelocoma insularis

120. Corvus c. sinuatus

*
*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

121. Molotlarus a. obscurus

122. Xantlaoceplialus xanthocephalus

*
*

t

123. Sturnella neglecta

.

*

*
*

*

*

*

*

124. Icterus c. nelsoni

125. Icterus bullocki

*

*
*

*

*

126. Euphagus carolinus

127. Euphagus cyanocephalus

*

*

*

128. Carpodacus p. californicus

*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*

129. Carpodacus m. dementis

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

130. Loxia c. Strickland! .

131. Passer domesticus

*

132. Astragalinus p. hesperophilus

*
*

133. Astragalinus lawrencei

134. Spinus pinus

135. Passerculus s. alaudinus

*

*

136. Chondestes g. strigatus

137. Zonotrichia querula

*

138. Zonotrichia 1. gambeli

*

*
*
*

He

*

*

*

*
*

*
*
*

139. Zonotrichia coronata

140. Spizella p. arizonae

*

141. Spizella atrogularis

1

142. Junco h. thurberi

*

*

*

143. Amphispiza belli

* 1 *
1

*

144. Aimophila r. ruficeps

*

9

*

145. Melospiza m. graminea

1

*

146. Melospiza m. clementae

* 1 *

*

*

147. Melospiza 1. lincolni

1 *
*

*

. ..1

*
*
*
*
*

148. Passerella i. unalaschcensis

149. Passerella i. megarhyncha

*

*

150. Passerella i. stephensi

151. Passerella i. insularis

*
*
*

152. Pipilo m. oregonus

153. Pipilo m. clementae

154. Pipilo m. megalonyx ?

155. Zamelodia melanocephala

*

9

*

*
*
*
*

*

L

156. Guiraca c. lazula

157. Passerina amoena

*

158. Piranga ludoviciana 1 * *

____

159. Piranga r. cooperi 1 | *

1

160. Hirundo erythrogastra

* 1 *

1 1 *

1 * 1 *

*

* i

161. Tachycineta t. lepida

162. Bombycilla cedrorum j [ *

1 1

*
*
*
*
*

163. Lanius 1. anthonyi 1 1 *

164. Vireo h. huttoni

*
*

? 1 *

1

*

165. Vermivora c. celata

1

166. Vermivora c. sordida | *

167. Dendroica coronata 1

*

1 *

1

1 *

|..Zj

9

*

*

*

*

108

PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA

No. 12

O

168.
169.
170.
171.
172.
173.
174.
175.
176.
177.
178.
179.
180.
181.
182.
183.
184.
185.
186.
187.
188.
189.
190.
191.
192.
193.
194.
195.

Dendroica auduboni

Dendroica magnolia '.

Dendroica nigrescens

Dendroica townsendi

Dendroica occidentalis

Geothlypis t. arizela

Wilsonia p. pileolata

Antlius rubescens

Mimus p. leucopterus

Salpinctes o. obsoletus

Salpinctes o. pulverius

Catherpes m. conspersus

Catherpes m. punctulatus ...
Thryomanes b. charienturus

Thryomanes leucophrys

Troglodytes a. parkmani

Nannus h. pacificus

Telmatodytes p. paludicola .

Sitta canadensis

Psaltriparus m. minimus

Regulus s. olivaceus

Regulus c. calendula

Polioptila c. obscura

Hylocichla u. ustulata

Hylocichla g. guttata

Planesticus m. propinquus .

Ixoreus n. meruloides

Sialia m. occidentalis

These one hundred and ninety-five species and subspecies have been report-
ed from the several islands as shown in the following table. The first column of
figures gives the total number of forms accredited to each island ; the second, the
number of these which have been reported on doubtful grounds.

Total number of forms

Los Coronados 58

San Clemente 114

San Nicolas

Santa Catalina

Santa Barbara

Anacapa

Santa Cruz

Santa Rosa -■-

San Miguel

Santa Cruz Island has more birds reported from it than the other islands,
both because its character is the most diversified, and because it has been rather
thoroughly worked for a number of weeks at a time during all parts of the year,
by several competent ornithologists. The latter reason is also the main one for
San Clemente showing up so well numerically. This island is comparatively bar-
ren, with few trees, and there are not a great number of resident species, but it

51
93
4S
39
141
21
35

Doubtful
1
2
1
4
5
1
2

1017 BIRDS OF THE SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ISLANDS 109

seems to he in a good line of migration. Santa Catalina is much more diversi-
fied than the last, in fact it is next to Santa Cruz in this respect, and if much
systematic work were done iipon it, I helieve that it would surpass San Clemente
in the number of species in its avifauna. It is the most often visited of the isl-
ands, and many ornithologists of note have collected there, but usually their vis-
its have been limited to several days. The Coronados fall fourth in this list,
rather surprising for such small barren spots, but then they ari^ many times more
often visited than any other of the smaller islands. It is to be expected that not
so many forms occur on San Nicolas, as it is rather barren and well out to sea.
Tlie avifauna of Santa Barbara Island is of rpiite respectable size. It has a good
list of water birds, and although there has not been a great deal of work done
tlun-e for any period of time, it seems to be a favorite resting place for the few
snuill land migrants that pass that way. There has been less systematic work
done on Anacapa, but it is much more often visited for periods of several days
at a time. The number of species recorded from both San ^liguel and Santa
Rosa are very small for the size of the islands, but neither is especially attractive
to bird life. Then, too, there has not been much work done on San IMiguel and
less on Santa Rosa, where it is difficult to get a permit to stay on the island.

Tabulation of Species by Manner of Occurrence

In preparing a table of seasonal occurrence of the different birds, I have
l)een obliged to use my own judgment to a certain extent. That is, when there
are but a couple of records for a species during the winter, it is hard to tell for
a surety whether it occurs regularly during that time of year, or should be
classed as a casual visitant. In such case I have had to consider the conditions
under which the record was made, the abundance of the species upon the mainland
during the same season, and several other factors. It will therefore be seen that
the tables are only approximately correct, but as nearly so as it is possible for me
to make them under the circumstances.

RESIDENTS

1. Lunda cirrhata 19. Accipiter cooperi

2. Ptychoramphus aleuticus 20. Buteo borealis calurus

3. Brachyramphus hypoleucus 21. Haliaeetus leucocephalus leucocepha-

4. Cepphus columba lus

5. Uria troille californica 22. Faico peregrinus anatum

6. Larus occidentalis 23. FaIco sparverius phalaena

7. Oceanodroma melania 24. Pandion haliaetus carolinensis

8. Oceanodroma homochroa 25. Aluco pratincola

9. Oceanodroma socorroensis 26. Asio wilsonianus

10. Phalacrocorax auritus albociliatus 27. Speotyto cunicularia hypogaea

11. Phalacrocorax penicillatus 28. Colaptes cafer collaris

12. Phalacrocorax pelagicus resplendens 29. Calypte anna

13. Pelecanus californicus 30. Selasphorus alleni

14. Ardea herodias herodias 31. Sayornis nigricans

15. Aegialitis nivosa 32. Otocoris alpestris insularis

16. Haematopus bachmani 33. Aphelocoma insularis

17. Lophortyx californica vallicola 34. Corvus corax sinuatus
IS. Zenaidura macroura marginalia 35. Sturnella neglecta

no

PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA

No. 12

36. Carpodacus mexicanus dementis 47.

37. Loxia curvirostra Strickland! 48.

38. Astragalinus psaltria hesperophilus 49.

39. Astragalinus lawrencei 50.

40. Spizella passerina arizonae 51.

41. Amphispiza belli 52.

42. Aimophila ruficeps ruficeps 53.

43. Melospiza melodia graminea 54.

44. Melospiza melodia clementae 55.

45. Pipilo maculatus clementae 56.

46. Pipilo maculatus megalonyx

Lanius ludovicianus anthonyi
Vireo huttoni huttoni
Vermivora celata sordida
Mimus polyglottos leucopterus
Salpinctes obsoletus obsoletus
Salpinctes obsoletus pulverius
Thryomanes bewicki charienturus
Thryomanes leucophrys
Sitta canadensis
Psaltriparus minimus minimus

The above is a list of species that are supposed to be foimd on the islands
thronghout the year, and to breed there. Vermivora c. sordida, however, is only
partly resident, as a great many individuals migrate to the adjacent mainland for
the winter. 0. socorrocnsis is probably resident, but this is not absolutely cer-
tain. In addition to the above, there is the following list of birds which, although
breeding, some to the north, and some to the south of the region treated, and
common only when not engaged in the rearing of young in other localities, may
nevertheless be encountered upon the islands during all parts of the year.

1. Larus heermanni

2. Sterna maxima

3. Diomedea nigripes

4. Diomedea albatrus

5. Puffinus griseus

6. Heteractitis incanus

7. Actitis macularia

8. Arenaria melanocephala

WINTER VISITANTS

1.

Aechmophorus occidentalis

26.

2.

Colymbus auritus

27.

3.

Colymbus nigricollis californicus

28.

4.

Podilymbus podiceps

29.

5.

Gavia immer

30.

6.

Gavia pacifica

31.

7.

Gavia stellata

32.

8.

Cerorhinca monocerata

33.

9.

Synthliboramphus antiquus

34.

10.

Rissa tridactyla pollicaris

35.

11.

Larus glaucescens

36.

12.

Larus argentatus

37.

13.

Larus californicus

38.

14.

Larus delawarensis

39.

15.

Larus brachyrhynchus

40.

16.

Sterna forsteri

41.

17.

Fulmarus glacialis glupischa

42.

18.

Puffinus creatopus

43.

19.

Puffinus opisthomelas

44.

20.

Oceanodroma kaedingi

45.

21.

Mergus serrator

46.

22.

Oidemia americana

47.

23.

Oidemia deglandi

48.

24.

Oidemia perspicillata

49.-

25.

Chen hyperboreus hyperboreus

50.

Anser albifrons gambeli

Calidris leucophaea

Oxyechus vociferus

Podasocys montanus

Accipiter velox

Falco columbarius columbarius

Ceryle alcyon

Sphyrapicus ruber ruber

Sayornis sayus

Passerculus sandwichensis alaudinus

Zonotrichia leucophrys gambeli ■

Zonotrichia coronata

Junco hyemalis thurberi

Passerella iliaca unalaschcensis

Passerella iliaca megarhyncha

Passerella iliaca Stephens!

Passerella iliaca insularis

Bombycilla cedrorum

Dendroica coronata

Dendroica auduboni auduboni

Anthus rubescens

Regulus calendula calendula

Hylocichla guttata guttata

Planesticus migratorius propinquus

Ixoreus naevius meruloides

101'

BIRDS OF THE SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ISLANDS

111

Witli tlie above I have included all those birds which coiiic to us after breed-
ing, even though some of them reach us in the middle of the summer months.

SUMMER VISITANTS

1. Chordeiles acutlpennis texensis 4. Empidonax difficilis difficilis

2. Aeronautes melanoleucus 5. Icterus cucullatus nelsoni

3. Calypte costae 6. Hirundo erythrogastra

Of this list, I deem it extremely improbable that Chordeiles a. te.rensis is a
regular breeder in the region; a few individuals of Aeronautes melanoleucus may
possibly spend the winter.

TRANSIENTS

9.
10.

11.

12.

Xema sabini 13.

Phalaropus fulicarius 14.

Lobipes lobatus 15.

Pisobia minutilla 16.

Ereunetes mauri 17.
Helodromas solitarius cinnamomeus 18.
Catoptrophorus semipalmatus inorna- 19.

tus 20.

Numenius hudsonicus 21.

Squatarola squatarola 22.

Aegialitis semipalmata 23.

Aphriza virgata 24.

Arenaria interpres morinella 25.

Phalaenoptilus nuttalli californicus

Chaetura vauxi

Tyrannus verticalis

Tyrannus vociferans

Myiochanes richardsoni richardsoni

Icterus bullocki

Zamelodia melanocephala

Passerina amoena

Piranga ludoviciana

Dendroica townsendi

Wilsonia pusilla pileolata

Hylocichla ustulata ustulata

Sialia mexicana occidentalis

Under "Transient" I have put all migrants which one might .judge shouki
Occur with any degree of regularity, though with some of them it is a question
whether it would not be better to label them "Casual".

CASUAL VISITANTS

1.

Brachyramphus craveri

23.

2.

FVegata aquila

24.

3.

Dafila acuta

25.

4.

Butorides virescens anthonyi

26.

5.

Nycticorax nycticorax naevius

27.

6.

Porzana Carolina

28.

7.

Fulica americana

29.

8.

Recurvirostra americana

30.

9.

Himantopus mexicanus

31.

10.

Macrorhamphus griseus scolopaceus

32.

11.

Pisobia bairdi

33.

12.

Totanus melanoleucus

34.

13.

Haematopus frazari

35.

14.

Circus hudsonius

36.

15.

Falco mexicanus

37.

16.

Asio flammeus

38.

17.

Asyndesmus lewisi

39.

18.

Myiarchus cinerascens cinerascens

40.

19.

Empidonax trailli trailli

41.

20.

Empidonax hammondi

42.

21.

Molothrus ater obscurus

43.

22.

Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus

44.

Euphagus carolinus
Euphagus cyanocephalus
Carpodacus purpureus californicus
Passer domesticus
Spinus pinus
Zonotrichia querula
Spizella atrogularis
Pipilo maculatus oregonus
Guiraca caerulea lazula
Piranga rubra cooperi
Tachycineta thalassina lepida
Vermivora celata celata
Dendroica magnolia
Dendroica nigrescens
Dendroica occidentalis
Geothlypis trichas arizela
Catherpes mexicanus conspersus
Catherpes mexicanus punctulatus
Troglodytes aedon parkmani
Nannus hiemalis pacificus
Telmatodytes palustris paludicola
Regulus satrapa olivaceus

112 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No. 12

These are birds which are rare even on the mainland, or which at the pres-
ent time cannot be classed as regular migrants to the islands, although in the fu-
ture some of them may be found to pass through tlie region in considerable num-
bers.

There are three birds which I am unable to place. Buteo swainsoni may be
(.'ither a rare summer visitant of one or two of the islands, or else a migrant from
the coast. Buho virginianus pacificus may be a rare resident of Santa Cruz, or
else, what seems more likely, an accidental visitant. The latter term may also
apply to Chondcstes grammacus strigafus, although it is by no means improbable
that this sparrow is a resident in small numbers.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

List of publications relating to the ornithology of the islands off southern
California.

1864. Coues, E. A critical Review of the Family Procellaridae: Part ii; embracing the
Puffineae. <Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., xvi, April 1864, pp. 116-144.

Includes the original description of Puffinus creatopus from near San Nicolas
Island.

1868. Cooper, J. G. Some Recent Additions to the Fauna of California. <Proc. Calif.
Acad. Sci., iv, November 1868, pp. 3-13.

Mentioning a number of birds observed upon the islands.

1870. Cooper, J. G. The Fauna of California and its Geographical Distribution. <Proc.
Calif. Acad. Sci., iv, February 1870, pp. 61-81.

Contains lists of birds observed on several of the islands.

1870. Cooper, J. G. Geological Survey of California. J. D. Whitney, State Geologist.
— Ornithology. Vol. i. Land Birds. Edited by S. F. Baird from the Manuscript of
J. G. Cooper. — 1870, pp. i-xi, 1-592, many figs. In text.
Includes references to birds of the islands.

1876. Henshaw, H. W. Report on the Ornithology of the Portions of California Visited
during the Field-Season of 1875 by H. W. Henshaw. < Ann. Rep. Geog. Surv. West
100th Mer. by George M. Wheeler =:App. JJ of the Ann. Rep. Chief of Engineers for
1876, pp. 224-278.

Contains list of birds from Santa Cruz Island.

1877. Streets, Thos. H. Contributions to the Natural History of the Hawaiian and Fan-
ning Islands and Lower California. < U. S. Nat. Mus., Bull, vii, Ornithology, pp. 9-33.

One record from the Coronados.

1884. Baird, S. F., Brewer, T. M., and Ridgway, R. Memoirs of the Museum of Com-
parative Zoology at Harvard College. Vol. xii [-xiii]. The Water Birds of North
America. Issued in Continuation of the Publications of the Geological Survey of
California. .1. D. Whitney, State Geologist. Vol. i [-ii]. Vol. i, pp. i-xi, 1-537,
many figs, in text; Vol. ii, pp. 1-552, many figs, in text.
Refers to water birds near some of the islands.

1884. Goss, N. S. Brachyramphus hypoleucus off the Coast of Southern California.
< Auk, I, October 1884, p. 396.

1917 BIRDS OF THE SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ISLANDS 113

1886. Henshaw, H. W. Description of a New Jay from California. < Ault, iii, October
1886, pp. 452-453.

Aphelocoma insularis from Santa Cruz Island; with mention of five other spe-
cies.

1887. Streator, C. P. The Water Birds of San Miguel Island. < Report of the Pro-
ceedings of the Santa Barbara Society of Natural History: from its Organization, in
1876, to 1887. Bulletin No. i, March 1887, pp. 18-21.

Unimportant account of water birds observed.

1887. Blake, E. W., Jr. Summer Birds of Santa Cruz Island, California. < Auk, iv,
October 1887, pp. 328-330.

Annotated list of 28 species.

1887. Ridgway, R. A Manual of North American Birds. Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott
Company; pp. i-xii, 1-631, pll. i-cxxiv.

1 888. Chapman, F. M. List of Additions to the North American Avifauna and of Elim-
inations and Changes in Nomenclature Proposed since the Publication of the A. O.
U. Check-List. < Auk, v, October 1888, pp. 293-402.

1888. Streator, C. P. Notes on the Birds of the Santa Barbara Islands. < Orn. & Ool.,
XIII, April 1888, pp. 52-54.

Running account of birds from Santa Cruz, San Miguel and San Nicolas islands.

1889. Anthony, A. W. New Birds from Lower California, Mexico. < Proc. Calif. Acad.
Sci., 2d series, ii, October 1889, pp. 73-82.

1889. Bryant, W. E. A Catalogue of the Birds of Lower California, Mexico. < Proc.
Calif. Acad. Sci., 2d series, ii, December 1889, pp. 237-320.

Mentions a few water birds from the Coronados.

1890. Belding, L. Land Birds of the Pacific District = Occasional Papers of the Cali-
fornia Academy of Sciences, ii, September 1890, pp. 1-274.

Mention of island birds.

1890. Dwight, J., Jr. The Horned Larks of North America. < Auk, vii, April 1890,
pp. 138-158, map.

Including the island bird.

1890. Townsend, C. H. Scientific Results of Explorations by the U. S. Fish Commission
Steamer Albatross. No. xiv. Birds from the Coasts of Western North America and
Adjacent Islands, Collected in 1888-'89, with Descriptions of New Species. < Proc.
U. S. Nat. Mus., xiii, pp. 131-142.

Describing Melospiza m. graminea, M. m. clementae, Vermivora c. sordida, and
Otocoris a. insularis.

1891. A. O. U. Committee. Third Supplement to the American Ornithologists' Union
Check-list of North American Birds. < Auk, viii, January 1891, pp. 83-90.

1891. Keeler, C. A. Geographical Distribution of Land Birds in California, iv. The
Island Fauna. < Zoe, i, January 1891, pp. 337-343.

Lists of birds of each of the Santa Barbara Islands compiled from previous rec-
ords.

1893. Stephens, F. Notes on Cassin's Auklet. < Auk, x, July 1893, pp. 298-300.
Near Catalina Island.

1895. Anthony, A. W. A New Species of Thryothorus from the Pacific Coast. < Auk,
XII, January 1895, pp. 51-52.

Thryomanes leucophrys from San Clemente Island.

114 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No. 12

1895. Anthony, A. W. Oceanodronia socorroensis off San Diego, Calif. < Auk, xii, Oc-
tober 1895, p. 387.

1895. A. O. U. Committee. Seventh Supplement to the American Ornithologists' Union
Check-list of North American Birds. < Auk, xii, April 1895, pp. 163-169.

1895. Bendire, C. Life Histories of North American Birds, from the Parrots to the
Grackles, with Special Reference to Their Breeding Habits and Eggs. Special Bull.
No. 3, U. S. Nat. Mus., pp. i-ix, 1-518, pis. i-vii.

1895. Zahn, O. J. The Mexican Raven on Catalina Island. < Avifauna, i, October 1895',
pp. 24-25.

1896. Anthony, A. W. The Black-vented Shearwater (Puffinus opistliomelas). < Auk,
XIII, July 1896, pp. 223-228.

1896. Saunders, H., and Salvin, O. Catalogue of the Gaviae and Tubinares in the Col-
lection of the British Museum. Gaviae by Howard Saunders. Tubinares by Osbert
Salvin. = Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxv, pp. i-xv, 1-475, pis. i-viii, several figs, in text.

1896. Sharpe, R. B. Catalogue of the Limicolae in the Collection of the British Museum.
= Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxiv, pp. i-xii, 1-794, pis. i-vii, several figs, in text.

1897. A. O. U. Committee. Eighth Supplement to the American Ornithologists' Union
Check-list of North American Birds. < Auk, xiv, January 1897, pp. 117-135.

1897. Black (=Blake), E. W. Nesting Habits of Empidonax insulicola. < Auk, xiv,
October 1897, pp. 405-406.

1897. Grinnell, J. Description of a New Towhee from California. < Auk, xiv, July
1897, pp. 294-296.

Pipilo m. clementae from San Clemente.

1897. Grinnell, J. Report on the Birds Recorded during a Visit to the Islands of Santa
Barbara, San Nicolas and San Clemente, in the Spring of 1897. Pub. i, Pasadena
Acad. Sci., August 1897, pp. 1-26.

189'?. Oberholser, H. C. Description of a New Empidonax, with Notes on Empidonax
difficilis. < Auk, xiv, July 1897, pp. 300-303,
Empidonax insulicola from the islands.

1898. Anthony, A. W. Petrels of Southern California. < Auk, xv, April 1898, pp. 140-
144.

1898. Anthony, A. W. The Pacific Kittiwake (Rissa tridactyla pollicaris) in Lower
California. < Auk, xv, July 1898, p. 267.
Near Coronados Islands.

1898. Davie, O. Nests and Eggs of North American Birds. 5th edition. David McKay,
Philadelphia; pp. 1-509, 1-18, i-xxi.

1898. Grinnell, J. Birds of the Pacific Slope of Los Angeles County. Pub. ii, Pasadena
Acad. Sci., March 1898, pp. 1-52.

1898. Grinnell, J. Land Birds Observed in Mid-winter on Santa Catalina Island, Cali-
fornia. < Auk, XV, July 1898, pp. 233-236.
Annotated list of 29 species.

1898. Grinnell, J. The San Nicolas Rock Wren. < Auk, xv, July 1898, pp. 237-239.

Original description of Salpinctes obsoletus pulverius from San Nicolas Island.

1917 BIRDS OF THE SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ISLANDS 115

1898. Mearns, E. A. Descriptions of Two New Birds from the Santa Barbara Islands,
Southern California. < Auk, xv, July 1898, pp. 258-264.

Carpodaciis m. dementis from San Clemente Island, and Lanius I. anthonyi from
Santa Cruz Island.

1898. Oberholser, H. C. A Revision of the Wrens of the Genus Thryomanes Sclater.

< Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xxi, November 1898, pp. 421-449.

With original description of Thryomanes b. nesophilus from Santa Cruz Island.

1898. Ridgway, R. Descriptions of Supposed New Genera, Species and Subspecies of
American Birds. I. Fringillidae. < Auk, xv, July 1898, pp. 223-230.

Original description of AmpMspiza belli clementae from San Clemente.

1898. Sharpe, R. B., and Ogilvie-Grant, W. R. Catalogue of the Plataleae, Herodiones,
Steganopodes, Pygopodes, Alcae and Impennes in the Collection of the British Muse-
um. Plataleae and Herodiones by R. Bowdler Sharpe. Steganopodes, Pygopodes.
Alcae and Impennes by W. R. Ogilvie-Grant. =Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxvi, pp.
i-xvii, 1-687, pis. i-viii.

Mention of specimens from the islands.

1899. Allen, J. A. Republication of Descriptions of New Species and Subspecies of
North American Birds. < Auk, xvi, October 1899, pp. 338-350.

1899. Anthony, A. W. A Night at Sea. < Bull. Cooper Orn. Club, i, November 1899,
pp. 101-102.

On the way to the Coronados Islands.

1899. A. 0. U. Committee. Ninth Supplement to the American Ornithologists' Union
Check-list of North American Birds. < Auk, xvi, January 1899, pp. 97-133.

1899. Beck, R. H. Nesting of the Santa Cruz Jay. < Bull. Cooper Orn. Club, i, Janu-
ary 1899, p. 6.

1899. Beck, R. H. Additional Notes on the Birds of Santa Cruz Island, Cal. < Bull.
Cooper Orn. Club, i, September 1899, pp. 85-86.

1899. Grinnell, J. The Rhinoceros Auklet at Catalina Island. < Bull. Cooper Orn.
Club, I, March 1899, pp. 17-19.

During the winter, with remarks on other species.

1899. Holder, C. F. A Great Pelican Rookery. < Museum, v, March 1899, pp. 71-72.
On Anacapa Island.

1899. Mailliard, J. Spring Notes on the Birds of Santa Cruz Island, Cal., April, 1898.

< Bull. Cooper Orn. Club, i. May 1899, pp. 41-45.

42 species observed.

1899. McGregor, R. C. Notes on California Song Sparrows. < Bull. Cooper Orn. Club,
I, September 1899, pp. 87-88.
Mentions island birds.

1899. Oberholser, H. C. The Names of the Song Sparrows. < Auk, xvi, April 1899, pp.
182-183.

Mentions two island forms.

1899. Swarth, H. S. Black Oystercatcher on Anacapa Islands. < Bull. Cooper Orn.
Club, I, September 1899, p. 85.

1900. Anthony A. W. Notes on the Genus Micruria. < Auk, xvir, April 1900, pp. 168-
169.

Brachyramphus Jiypoleucus at the Santa Barbara Islands.

116 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No. 12

1900. Anthony, A. W. Nesting Habits of the Pacific Coast Species of the Genus Puf-
finus. < Auk, xvii, July 1900, pp. 247-252.

Incorrect record of P. opisthomelas nesting on Santa Barbara Islands, as pointed
out in this report.

1900. Mailliard, J. Measurements of the Santa Cruz Jay. < Condor, ir, March 1900,
p. 42.

1900. McGregor, R. C. On the Range of Some California Birds. < Condor, ii, March
1900, pp. 34-35.

Includes Carpodacus m. dementis.

1900. Oberholser, H. C. Notes on Some Birds from the Santa Barbara Islands, Califor-
nia. < Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xxii, April 1900, pp. 229-234.

Technically annotated list of 26 species.

1901. A. O. U. Committee. Tenth Supplement to the American Ornithologists' Union
Check-list of North American Birds. < Auk, xviii, July 1901, pp. 295-320.

1901. Ridgway, R. The Birds of North and Middle America. = U. S. Nat. Mus., Bull.
50; Part i, Fringillidae; pp. i-xxx, 1-715, pis. i-xx.

1902. Brewster, W. Birds of the Cape Region of Lower California. < Mus. Comp.
Zool. [Cambridge], Bull, xli, September 1902, pp. 1-241, map.

Unimportant references to the Coronados Islands.

1902. Grinnell, J. Check-list of California Birds. = Pacific Coast Avifauna, 3, June

1902, pp. 1-98, 2 maps.

1902. Oberholser, H. C. A Review of the Larks of the Genus Otocoris. < Proc. U. S.
Nat. Mus., XXIV, June 1902, pp. 801-883, pis. xliii-xlv, maps i-iv.

1902. Ridgway, R. The Birds of North and Middle America. ^U. S. Nat. Mus., Bull 50;
Part II, Tanagridae, Icteridae, Coerebidae, Mniotiltidae; pp. i-xx, 1-834, pis. i-xxii.

1903. A. O. U. Committee. Twelfth Supplement to the American Ornithologists' Union
Check-list of North American Birds. < Auk, xx, July 1903, pp. 331-368.

1903. Coues, E. Key to North American Birds, 5th edition. Dana Estes and Company,
Boston; Vol. i, pp. i-xli, 1-535, 2 pis., 353 figs.; Vol. ii, pp. i-vi, 537-1152, 1 pi., figs.
354-747.

1903. Grinnell, J., and Daggett, F. S. An Ornithological Visit to Los Coronados Islands,
Lower California. < Auk, xx, January 1903, pp. 27-37.

Containing references also to some Santa Barbara Islands birds.

1903. Grinnell, J. The Alaska Pileolated Warbler in California. < Condor, v, May

1903, pp. 80-81.

With record from Santa Barbara Island.

1903. Grinnell, J. The Santa Cruz Island Vireo. < Condor, v, November 1903, p. 157.
Original description of Vireo mailliardorum.

1903. Robertson, H. Cassin Auklet, Ptychoramphus aleuticus. < Condor, v, July 1903,
pp. 96-97.

Nesting on Santa Barbara Island.

1904. A. O. U. Committee. Thirteenth Supplement to the American Ornithologists'
Union Check-list of North American Birds. < Auk, xxi, October 1904, pp. 411-424.

1904. Bailey, F. M. Handbook of Birds of the Western United States, 2d edition, pp.
i-xc, 1-514, 601 figs., 33 pis.

1917 BIRDS OF THE SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ISLANDS 117

1904. Breninger, G. F. San Clemente Island and its Birds. < Auk, xxi, April 1904,
pp. 218-223.

Mentions 35 species.

1904. Cooke, W. W. Distribution and Migration of North American Warblers. = Divi-
sion of Biological Survey, U. S. Department of Agriculture, Bull. 18, pp. 1-142.
Unimportant reference to Vermivora c. sorclida.

1904. Reed, C. A. North American Birds' Eggs; Doubleday, Page and Company, New
York; pp. 12+1-136, many figs.

1904. Ridgway, R. The Birds of North and Middle America. =z\J. S. Nat. Mus., Bull.
50; Part iii, Motacillidae, Corvidae, Hirundinidae, Paridae, Ampelidae, Sittidae, Ptil-
ogonatidae, Certhiidae, Dulidae, Troglodytidae, Vireonidae, Cinclidae, Laniidae, Cha-
niaeidae, Sylviidae; pp. i-xx, 1-801, pis. i-xix.

1905. Cooke, W. W. The Winter Ranges of the Warblers ( Mniotiltidae). < Auk, xxii,
July 1905, pp. 296-299.

Unimportant reference to Vermivora c. sorclida.

1905. Grinnell, J. The Flycatcher from the Santa Barbara Islands. < Condor, vii,
March 1905, pp. 51-52.

Questions status of the island subspecies.

1905. Oberholser, H. C. The forms of Verviivora celata (Say). < Auk, xxii, July

1905, pp. 242-247.
Critical.

1906. C[hilds]., J. L. Eggs of the Santa Barbara Flycatcher (Evipidonax insulicola).

< Warbler, n, June 1906, p. 33.

1906. Grinnell, J. The Empidonax from Santa Catalina Island. < Condor, viii. May

1906, p. 74.
Questions status.

1906. Grinnell, J. The Catalina Island Quail. < Auk, xxni, July 1906, pp. 262-265.
Original description of Lophortyx catalinensis.

1906. Howard, O. W. Nesting of the Dusky Warbler (Helminthophila celata sordida).

< Warbler, ii, March 1906, pp. 8-10, pi. i, fig. ii.

On San Clemente Island.

1907. Chapman, F. M. The Warblers of North America; D. Appleton & Company, New
York; pp. i-ix, 1-306, 36 pis.

1907. [Childs, J. L.] Eggs of the Santa Catalina Partridge {Lophortyx catalinensis
Grinnell). < Warbler, in, p. 1, pi.

1907. Godman, F. duC. A Monograph of the Petrels (Order Tubinares). In Five
Parts. Part i; Witherby & Co., London; pp. 1-68, 20 pis.
Includes our forms of Oceanodroma.

1907. Grinnell, J. The California Distribution of the Roadrunner (Geococcyx calif or-
nianus). < Condor, ix, March 1907, pp. 51-53, map, fig.

1907. Mearns, E. A. Mammals of the Mexican Boundary of the United States. = U. S.
Nat. Mus., Bull. 56, April 1907, pp. i-xv, 1-530, 13 pis., 126 figs, in text.
Including a list of birds from San Clemente Island.

1907. Ridgway, R. The Birds of North and Middle America. = U. S. Nat. Mus., Bull.
50. Part IV. Turdidae, Alaudidae, Zeledoniidae, Oxyruncidae, Mimidae, Tyrranni-
dae, Sturnidae, Pipridae, Ploceidae, Cotingidae; pp. i-xxii, 1-974, pis. i-xxxiv.

118 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No. 12

1908. A. O. U. Committee. Fourteenth Supplement to the American Ornithologists'
Union Check-list of North American Birds. < Auk, xxv, July 1908, pp. 345-399.

1908. Linton, C. B. Notes from San Clemente Island. < Condor, x, March 1908, pp. 82
86.

Annotated list of 68 species.

1908. Linton, C. B. Notes from Santa Cruz Island. < Condor, x. May 1908, pp. 124-129.
Annotated list of 88 species.

1908. Linton, C. B. Salpinctes obsoletus pulverius restricted to San Nicolas Island.

< Condor, x. May 1908, p. 129.

1908. Linton, C. B. Microscopic Subspecies. < Condor, x, July 1908, p. 181.
Mentions Vireo 7nailliar(lorum.

1908. Linton, C. B. Otocoris alpestris insularis on the Mainland Coast. < Condor, x,
July 1908, p. 181.

1908. Linton, C. B. Is not the San Clemente Shrike (Lanius 1. mearnsi) identical with
the Island Shrike (Lanius 1. anthonyi)? < Condor, x, July 1908, p. 182.

1908. Linton, C. B. Pipilo Clementae excluded from Santa Cruz Island Avifauna.

< Condor, x, September 1908, p. 208.

1908. Godman, F. duC. A Monograph of the Petrels (Order Tubinares). In Five
Parts. Part ii; Witherby & Co., London; pp. 69-151, pis. 20-39.
Includes our forms of Puffinus.

1908. Grinnell, J. Catalina Quail. < Condor, x, March 1908, p. 94.
On status.

1908. Grinnell, J. Some Birds of Ana Capa Island. < Condor, x. May 1908, p. 130.
Running account of a few birds observed.

1908. Richardson, C. H., Jr. Spring Notes from Santa Catalina Island. < Condor, x,
March 1908, pp. 65-68.

Annotated list of 29 species.

1909. A. O. U. Committee. Fifteenth Supplement to the American Ornithologists'
Union Check-list of North American Birds. < Auk, xxvi, July 1909, pp. 294-303.

1909. Grinnell, J. Two Waders of Note from Santa Catalina Island. < Condor, xi,
July 1909, p. 139.

Pisobia bairdii and Arenaria i. morinella.

1909. Lamb, C. C. Nesting of the Xantus Murrelet as Observed on Los Coronados Isl-
ands, Lower California. < Condor, xi, January 1909, pp. 8-9.

1909. Linton, C. B. Ancient Murrelet at San Clemente. < Condor, xi. May 1909, p. 102.

1909. Linton, C. B. Further Notes from San Clemente Island. < Condor, xr, Novem-
ber 1909, pp. 193-194.

Annotated list of 26 species.

1909. Osburn, P. I. Notes on the Birds of Los Coronados Islands, Lower California.

< Condor, xi, July 1909, pp. 134-138, 1 fig. in text.

Annotated list of 34 species.

1909. [Snyder, G. K.] Dusky Warbler Haunts. < Oologist, xxvi, p. 188.
On Catalina Island.

1909. van Rossem, A. Some Unrecorded Species from Los Coronados Islands, Mexico.

< Condor, xi, November 1909, p. 208.

miT BIRDS OF THE SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ISLANDS 119

1909. Wright, H. W. An Ornithological Trip to Los Coronados Islands, Mexico. < Con-
dor, XI, May 1909, pp. 96-100, 3 figs, in text.

Annotated list of 22 species.

1910. A. O. U. Committee. Check-list of North American Birds. Third Edition; pp. 1-
430, 2 maps.

1910. Grinnell, J. Two Heretofore Unnamed Wrens of the Genus Thryomanes. (Tniv.
Calif. Publ. Zool. v, February 1910, pp. 307-309.

Original description of Thryomanes b. catalinae.

1910. Howell, A. B. Notes from Los Coronados Islands. < Condor, xn, November 1910,
pp. 184-187, 2 figs, in text.

Running account of some of the birds observed.

1910. Willett, G. A Summer Trip to the Northern Santa Barbara Islands. < Condor,
xii, September 1910, pp. 170-174.

Birds observed on Anacapa, Santa Cruz, San Miguel and Santa Rosa islands.

1911. Burt, H. C. An Early Spring Trip to Anacapa Island. < Condor, xiii, September
1911, pp. 164-167, 1 fig. in text.

Running account of birds encountered.

1911. Howell, A. B., and van Rossem, A. Further Notes from Santa Cruz Island.

< Condor, xiii, November 1911, pp. 208-210.

Annotated list of the more important birds seen.

1911. Linton, C. B. Unusual Nesting Site of the San Nicolas Rock Wren. < Condor,
XIII, May 1911, p. 109.

1911. Linton, C. B. Nests of the San Nicolas Rock Wren. < Auk, xxviii, October 1911,
p. 489.

1911. Mearns, E. A. Note on Two Unrecognized Forms of North American Birds.

< Auk, xxviTi, October 1911, p. 490.

Mentions Zenaidura m. margineUa from San Clemente Island.

1911. Osburn, P. I. Collecting Socorro and Black Petrels in Lower California. < Con-
dor, XIII, January 1911, pp. 31-34, 2 figs, in text.

1911. Osburn, P. I. Notes on Two Birds from Santa Catalina Island, California.

< Condor, xiii, March 1911, p. 76.

1911. Ridgway, R. The Birds of North and Middle America. =:U. S. Nat. Mus., Bull.
50. Part v; Pteroptochidae, Formicariidae, Furnariidae, Dendrocolaptidae, Trochi-
lidae, Micropodidae, Trogonidae; pp. i-xxiii,l-857, pis. i-xxxii.

1912. A. O. U. Committee. Sixteenth Supplement to the American Ornithologists'
Union Check-list of North American Birds. < Auk, xxix, July 1912, pp. 380-387.

1912. Cooke, W. W. Distribution and Migration of North American Shorebirds. = Di-
vision of Biological Survey, U. S. Department of Agriculture; Bull. 35, Revised; pp.
1-100, 4 pis.

1912. Grinnell, J. A Systematic List of the Birds of California. = Pacific Coast Avi-
fauna, 8, August 1912, pp. 1-23.

1912. Oberholser, H. C. A Revision of the Green Heron {Butorides virescens [Linna-
eus]). < Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xxxxii, pp. 529-577.

1912. Willett, G. Birds of the Pacific Slope of Southern California. = Pacific Coast
Avifauna, 7, July 1912, pp. 1-122.

120 ■ PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No. 12

1913. Oberholser, H. C. A Revision of the Forms of the Great Blue Heron (Ardea hero-
dias Linnaeus). < Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xxxxiii, pp. 531-559.

1913. Peyton, S. B. A Collecting Trip to Anacapa Island. < Oologist, xxx, p. 78.

1913. Swarth, H. S. A Revision of the California Forms of Pipilo waculatus Swainson,
with Description of a New Subspecies. < Condor, xv, September 1913, pp. 167-175,
1 fig.

1913. Wright, H., and Snyder, G. K. Birds Observed in the Summer of 1912 Among the
Santa Barbara Islands. < Condor, xv, March 1913, pp. 86-92, 2 figs, in text.

Annotated list of 37 species observed on Santa Barbara, Anacapa, Santa Cruz,
Santa Rosa and San Miguel islands.

1913. Wright, H. W. The Sabine Gull in the Santa Barbara Channel. < Condor, xv,
November 1913, pp. 227-228.

1914. Snyder, G. K. Nesting of the Allen Hummingbird on Catalina Island. < Condor,
XVI, July 1914, pp. 182-183.

1914. Swarth, H. S. A Study of the Status. of Certain Island Forms of the Genus 8al-
pinctes. < Condor, xvi, September 1914, pp. 211-217.

1914. Swarth, H. S. The California Forms of the Genus Psaltriparus. < Auk, xxxi,
October 1914, pp. 499-525, map.

1914. Ridgway, R. The Birds of North and Middle America. = U. S. Nat. Mus., Bull.
50. Part VI ; Picidae, Capitonidae, Rhamphastidae, Bucconidae, Galbulidae. Alcedin-
idae, Todidae, Momotidae, Caprimulgidae, Nyctibiidae, Tytonidae, Bubonidae; pp.
i-xx, 1-882, pis. i-xxxvi.

1915. Van Rossem, A. Notes on Murrelets and Petrels. < Condor, xvii, March 1915,
pp. 74-78, 3 figs, in text.

Records the capture of Brachyramphus craveri near Coronados Islands.

1915. Shepardson, D. I. Some Extreme Nesting Dates. < Condor, xvii. May 1915, p.
130.

1915. Colburn, A. E. Dwarf Cowbird on the Coronado Islands. < Condor, xvii, July
1915, p. 165.

1915. Dawson, W. L. Supposed New Records for Santa Cruz Island. < Condor, xvii,
September 1915, pp. 203-204.

Briefly records fifteen birds new to the island.

1915. Dawson, W. L. A Notable Occurrence of Pacific Divers. < Condor, xvii, Sep-
tember 1915, p. 205.

1915. Grinnell, J. A Distributional List of the Birds of California = Pacific Coast Avi-
fauna, 11, 1915, pp. 1-217, 3 maps.

1915. Cooke, W. W. Distribution and Migration of North American Gulls and Their
Allies. =U. S. Department of Agriculture, Bull. 292, October 25, 1915, pp. 1-70, 31
figs, in text.

1916. Swarth, H. S. The Pacific Coast Races of the Bewick Wren. < Proc. Calif. Acad.
Sci., VI, no. 4, May 1916, pp. 53-85, map.

1916. Ridgway, R. The Birds of North and Middle America. =V. S. Nat. Mus., Bull.
50. Part VII ; Cuculidae, Psittacidae, Columbidae; May 5, 1916; pp. i-xiii, 1-543, pis.

I-XXIV.

1917

121

INDEX

Accipiter cooperi, 54, 106, 109

velox, 54, 106, 110
Actitis macularia, 48, 106, 110

macularius, 48
Actodromas minutilla, 46
Aechmophorus occidentalis, 17, 105, 110
Aegialitls nivosa, 49, 106, 109
semipalmata, 49, 106, 110
voclfera, 49
Aeronantes melanoleucus, 62
Aeronautes melanoleucus, 62, 106, 111
Aimophila ruficeps, 80

ruficeps ruficeps, 80, 107, 110
Albatross, Black-footed, 30

Short-tailed, 30
Aluco pratincola, 58, 106, 109
Ammodramus sandwichensis alaudinus, 76

sandwichensis bryanti, 76
Amphispiza belli, 79, 106, 110

belli belli, 79

belli clementae, 79
Ampelis cedrorum, 88
Anser albifrons gambeli, 43, 105, 110

gambeli, 43
Anthus pensilvanicus, 94

rubescens, 94, 108, 110
Aphelocoma insularis, 68, 107, 109
Aphriza virgata, 50, 106, 111
Arenaria interpres morinella, 50, 106, 111

melanocephala, 50, 106, 110
Ardea herodias, 43

herodias herodias, 43, 105, 109

herodias hyperonca, 43

herodias oligista, 43
Astragalinus lawrencei, 76, 107, 110

psaltria, 76

psaltria hesperophilus, 76, 107, 110
Asio accipitrinus, 59

flammeus, 59, 106, 111

wilsonianus, 58, 106, 109
Asyndesmus lewisi, 60, 106, 111
Athene cunicularia, 59
Auklet, Cassin, 20

Rhinoceros, 19
Avocet, 45
Aythya affinis, 102

B

Blackbird, Brewer, 72
Rusty, 72
Yellow-headed, 71

Blasipus belcheri, 28
Bluebird, Western, 102
Bombycilla cedrorum, 88, 107, 110
Brachyramphus craveri, 24, 105, 111

hypoleucus, 22, 105, 109
Branta canadensis, 102
Bubo virginianus pacificus, 59, 106, 112
Bunting, Lazuli, 87
Bush-tit, Coast, 100
Buteo borealis calurus, 54, 106, 109
montanus, 55
swainsoni, 55, 106, 112
Butorides virescens anthonyi, 44, 105, 111

C
Calidris arenaria, 47

leucophaea, 47, 106, 110
Callipepla californica vallicola, 52
Calypte anna, 63, 106, 109

costae, 62, 106, 111
Carpodacus dementis, 73
frontalis, 73
frontalis clementae, 73
frontalis rhodocolpus, 73
mexicanus dementis, 73, 107, 110
mexicanus frontalis, 73
purpureus californicus, 73, 107, 111
Catherpes mexicanus conspersus, 96, 108, 111

mexicanus punctulatus, 97, 108, 111
Catoptrophorus semipalmatus inornatus, 47,

106, 111
Cepphus columba, 24, 105, 109
Cerorhinca monocerata, 19, 105, 110
Cerorhyncha monocerata, 19
Ceryle alcyon, 60, 106, 110
Chaetura vauxi, 62, 106, 111
Chelidon erythrogaster, 87
Chen hyperboreus hyperboreus, 43, 105, 110
Chondestes grammacus strigatus, 77, 107, 112
Chordeiles acutipennis texensis, 61, 106, 111
Circus hudsonius, 54, 106, 111
Clivicola riparia, 103
Colaptes auratus luteus, 61
cafer, 60

cafer collaris, 60, 106, 109
mexicanus, 60
Collurio ludovicianus excubitorides, 88
Collyrio excubitorides, 88
Colymbus auritus, 17, 105, 110
californicus, 17

nigricollis californicus, 17, 105, 110
Contopus richardsoni richardsoni, 65
richardsonii, 65

PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA

No. 12

Coot, 45

Cormorant, Baird, 39

Brandt, 38

Farallon, 37
Corvus carnivorus, 69

corax carnivorus, 69

corax clarionensis, 70

corax sinuatus, 69, 107, 109
Cowbird, Dwarf, 71
Crossbill, Mexican, 75
Crymophilus fulicarius, 45
Curlew, Hudsonian, 48
Cyanocitta floridana californica, 68
Cyanospiza amoena, 87
Cymochorea homochroa, 34

Dafila acuta, 42, 105, 111
Dendroica auduboni, 92

auduboni auduboni, 92, 108, 110

coronata, 92, 108, 110

coronata hooveri, 92

maculosa, 93

magnolia, 93, 108, 111

nigrescens, 93, 108, 111

occidentalis, 93, 108, 111

townsendi, 93, 108, 111
Diomedea albatros, 30

albatrus, 30, 105, 110

brachyura, 30

nigripes, 30, 105, 110
Dove, Western Mourning, 53
Dowitcher, Long-billed, 46
Dryobates nuttalli, 103
Duck, Lesser Scaup, 102

E
Eagle, Bald, 55
Empidonax difficilis, 65

difficilis difficilis, 65, 107, 111

hammondi, 66, 107, 111

insulicola, 65

traillii, 66

trailli trailli, 66, 107, 111
Eremophila alpestris chrysolaema, 67
Breunetes mauri, 46, 106, 111
Euphagus carolinus, 72, 107, 111

cyanocephalus, 72, 107, 111

Falco anatum anatum, 56
columbarius, 57

columbarius columbarius, 57, 106, 110
communis anatum, 56
mexicanus, 56, 106, 111

nigripes, 56

peregrinus anatum, 56, 106, 109

sparverius, 57

sparverius deserticolus, 57

sparverius phalaena, 57, 106, 109

sparverius phaloena, 57
Falcon, Prairie, 56
Finch, California Purple, 73

San Clemente House, 73
Flicker, Red-shafted, 60
Flycatcher, Ash-throated, 64

Hammond, 66

Traill, 66

Western, 65
Fregata aquila, 41, 105, 111
Fulica americana, 45, 105, 111
Fulmar, Pacific, 30

Slender-billed, 102
Fulmarius glacialis glupischa, 30
Fulmarus glacialis glupischa, 30, 105, 110

glacialoides, 102

Gavia immer, 17, 105, 110

pacifica, 18, 105, 110

stellata, 18, 105, 110
Geococcyx californianus, 103
Geothlypis trichas arizela, 93, 108, 111
Gnatcatcher, Western, 100
Goldfinch, Green-backed, 76

Lawrence, 76
Goose, Snow, 43

White-fronted, 43
Graculus dilophus, 37

penicillatus, 38

violaceus bairdi, 39
Grosbeak, Black-headed, 86

Western Blue, 86
Grebe, Eared, 17

Horned, 17

Pied-billed, 17

Western, 17
Guillemot, Pigeon, 24
Guiraca caerulea lazula, 86, 107, 111

caerulea salicarius, 86
Gull, Bonaparte, 28

California, 26

Glaucous-winged, 26

Heermann, 28

Herring, 27

Ring-billed, 27

Sabine, 28

Short-billed, 28

Western, 26

im

BIRDS OF THE SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ISLANDS

123

H

Habia melanocephala, 86
Haemantopus bachmani, 51
Haematopus bachmani, 51, 106, 109

frazari, 51, 106, 111

niger, 51

palliatus, 51
Haliaeetus leucocephalus, 55

leucocephalus leucocephalus, 55, 106, 109
Haliaetus leucocephalus, 55
Hawk, Cooper, 54

Desert Sparrow, 57

Duck, 56

Marsh, 54

Pigeon, 57

Sharp-shinned, 54

Swainson, 55
Helminthophaga celata, 90
Helminthophila celata, 91

celata celata, 90

celata lutescens, 90

celata sordida, 90

sordida, 91
Helodromas solitarius cinnamomeus, 47, 106,

111
Heron, Anthony Green, 44

Black-crowned Night, 45

Great Blue, 43
Heteractitis incanus, 48, 106, 110
Heteroscelus incanus, 48
Himantopus mexicanus, 46, 106, 111
Hirundo erythrogaster, 87

erythrogastra, 87, 107, 111

horreorum, 87
Horizopus richardsonii, 65
Hummingbird, Allen, 63

Anna, 63

Costa, 62
Hylocichla aonalaschkae, 101

guttata, 101

guttata guttata, 101, 108, 110

guttata nana, 104

guttata nanus, 104

ustulata, 101

ustulata ustulata, 101, 108, 111

i

Icterus bullocki, 72, 107, 111

cucuUatus nelsoni, 72, 107, 111

Ixoreus naevius, 101

naevius meruloides, 101, 108, 110
naevius naevius, 101

Jay, Santa Cruz, 68

Junco, Thurber, 79

Junco hiemalis oregonus, 79

hyemalis thurberi, 79, 107, 110
oreganus oreganus, 79
oreganus thurberi, 79

K

Killdeer, 49

Kingbird, Arkansas, 64

Cassin, 64
Kingfisher, Belted, 60
Kinglet, Ruby-crowned, 100

Western Golden-crowned, 100
Kittiwake, Pacific, 25

Lanius anthonyi, 88

ludovicianus anthonyi, 88, 107, 110

ludovicianus excubitorides, 88

ludovicianus gambeli, 88

ludovicianus mearnsi, 88

mearnsi, 89
Lark, Island Horned, 67
Larus argentatus, 27, 105, 110

argentatus occidentalis, 26

brachyrhynchus, 28, 105, 110

californicus, 27, 105, 110

delawarensis, 27, 105, 110

glaucescens, 26, 105, 110

heermani, 28

heermanni, 28, 105, 110

heermannii, 28

occidentalis, 26, 105, 109

Philadelphia, 28, 105
Lobipes lobatus, 45, 105, 111
Loon, 17

Pacific, 18

Red-throated, 18
Lophortyx californica catalinensis, 52

californica vallicola, 52, 105, 109

californicus, 52

californicus vallicola, 52

catalinensis, 52
Loxia curvirostra bendirei, 75

curvirostra stricklandi, 75, 107, 110
Lunda cirrata, 19

cirrhata, 18, 105, 109

M

Macrorhamphus griseus scolopaceus, 46, 106,
111
scolopaceus, 46

12-1

PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA

No. 12

Man-o'-war-bird, 41
Marila affinis, 102
Martin, Western, 103
Meadowlark, Western, 71
Melanetta velvetina, 42
Melospiza cinerea clementae, 82

cinerea graminea, 81

clementae, 82

coronatorum, 82

fasciata clementae, 82

fasciata graminea, 80

fasciata samuelis, 80, 82

graminea, 81

heermanni, 80, 81

lincolni, 83

lincolnii, 83

lincolni lincolni, 83, 107

melodia clementae, 81, 107, 110

melodia coronatorum, 82

melodia graminea, 80, 107, 110
Merganser, Red-breasted, 41
Merganser serrator, 41
Mergus serrator, 41, 105, 110
Micropallas whitneyi, 103
Microthene whitneyi, 103
Micruria hypoleuca, 22
Mimus polyglottos, 94

polyglottos leucopterus, 94, 108, 110
Mockingbird, Western, 94
Molothrus ater obscurus, 71, 107, 111
Murre, California, 25
Murrelet, Ancient, 22

Craveri, 24

Xantus, 22
Myiarchus cinerascens cinerascens, 64, 106,

111
Myiochanes richardsoni richardsoni, 65, 107,

111
Myiodioctes pusillus, 94

N

Nannus hiemalis pacificus, 99, 108, 111

Nectris fuliginosus, 32

Nighthawk, Texas, 61

Numenius hudsonicus, 48, 106, 111

Nuthatch, Red-breasted, 99

Nycticorax nycticorax naevius, 45, 105, 111

Oceanites oceanicus, 102
Oceanodroma homochroa, 34, 105, 109

kaedingi, 32, 105, 110

melania, 32, 105, 109

monorhis, 35

socorroensis, 35, 105, 109

townsendi, 32
Oidemia americana, 42, 105, 110

deglandi, 42, 105, 110

perspicillata, 42, 105, 110
Oriole, Arizona Hooded, 72

Bullock, 72
Osprey, 58
Otocoris alpestris insularis, 67, 107, 109

alpestris rubea, 67

alpestris strigata, 67

insularis, 67
Otocorys alpestris insularis, 67
Owl, Barn, 58

Burrowing, 59

Elf, 103

Long-eared, 58

Pacific Horned, 59

Short-eared, 59
Oxyechus vociferus, 49, 106, 110
Oyster-catcher, Black, 51

Frazar, 51

Pandion carolinensis, 58

haliaeetus carolinensis, 58

haliaetus carolinensis, 58, 106, 109
Passer domesticus, 75, 107, 111
Passerculus sandwichensis alaudinus, 76,

107, 110
Passerella iliaca insularis, 84, 107, 110

lliaca megarhyncha, 83, 107, 110

iliaca sinuosa, 84

iliaca stephensi, 84, 107, 110

iliaca unalaschcensis, 83, 84, 107, 110

iliaca unalaschensis, 83
Passerina amoena, 87, 107, 111
Pelican, California Brown, 40
Pelecanus californicus, 40, 105, 109

fuscus, 40

fuscus californicus, 40
Pelionetta perspicillata, 42
Petrel, Ashy, 34

Black, 32

Kaeding, 32

Socorro, 35

Wilson, 102
Peucaea ruficeps, 80
Pewee, Western Wood, 65
Phalacrocorax auritus albociliatus, 37, 105,
109

dilophus, 37

dilophus albociliatus, 37

pelagicus, 39

1917

BIRDS OF THE SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ISLANDS

125

pelagicus resplendens, 39, 105, 109

penicillatus, 38, 105, 109

resplendens, 39

violaceus, 39
Phalaenoptilus nuttalli californicus, 61, 106,

111
Phalarope, Northern, 45

Red, 45
Phalaropus fulicarius, 45, 105, 111
Phileremos cornutus, 67
Phoebe, Black, 65

Say, 64
Picus nuttalli, 103
Pipilo clementae, 85, 86

maculatus clementae, 85, 86, 107, 110

maculatus dementis, 85

maculatus megalonyx, 85, 107, 110

maculatus oregonus, 84, 86, 107, 111

megalonyx, 85
Pintail, 42
Pipit, 94
Piranga ludoviciana, 87, 107, 111

rubra cooperi, 87, 107, 111
Pisobia bairdi, 46, 106, 111

minutilla, 46, 106, 111
Planesticus migratorius propinquus, 101, 108,

110
Plover, Black-bellied, 49

Mountain, 50

Semipalmated, 49

Snowy, 49
Podasocys montana, 50

montanus, 50, 106, 110
Podilymbus podiceps, 17, 105, 110
Poospiza belli, 79

Polioptila caerulea obscura, 100, 108
Porzana Carolina, 45, 105, 111
Progne purpurea, 103

subis hesperia, 103
Priocella glacialoides, 102
Psaltria minimus californicus, 100
Psaltriparus minimus californicus, 100

minimus minimus, 100, 108, 110
Ptychoramphus aleuticus, 20, 105, 109
Ptychorampus aleuticus, 20
Puffinus creatopus, 30, 105, 110

gavia, 31

griseus, 32, 105, 110

opisthomelas, 31, 105, 110

Q

Quail, Valley, 52

Raven, 69

Recurvirostra amerlcana, 45, 106, 111

Red-tail, Western, 54

Regulus calendula, 100

calendula calendula, 100, 108, 110
satrapa olivaceus, 100, 108, 111

Riparia riparia, 103

Rissa tridactyla pollicaris, 25, 105, 110

Road-runner, 103

Robin, Western, 101

S

Salpinctes obsoletus, 95, 96

obsoletus obsoletus, 95, 108, 110

obsoletus pulverius, 95, 96, 108, 110

pulverius, 95, 96
Sanderling, 47
Sandpiper, Baird, 46

Least, 46

Spotted, 48

Western, 46

Western Solitary, 47
Sapsucker, Red-breasted, 60
Sayornis nigricans, 65, 107, 109

saya, 64

sayus, 64, 106, 110
Scolecophagus cyanocephalus, 72
Scoter, 42

Surf, 42

White-winged, 42
Selasphorus alleni, 63, 106, 109

rufus, 63
Shearwater, Black-vented, 31

Pink-footed, 30

Sooty, 32
Shrike, Island, 88

Sialia mexicana occidentalis, 102, 108, 111
Siskin, Pine, 76
Sitta canadensis, 99, 108, 110
Sora, 45
Sparrow, Bell, 79, 80

Black-chinned, 79

English, 75

Lincoln, 83

Gambel, 77

Golden-crowned, 78

Harris, 77

Nuttall, 103

Kadiak Pox, 84

Rufous-crowned, 80

San Clemente Song, 81

Santa Barbara Song, 80

Shumagin Fox, 83

Stephens Fox, 84

Thick-billed Fox, 83

Western Chipping, 78

126

PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA

No. 12

Western Lark, 77

Western Savannah, 76
Speotyto cunicularia hypogaea, 59, 106, 109
Sphyrapicus ruber ruber, 60, 106, 110

varius nuchalis, 60
Spinus lawrencei, 76

pinus, 76, 107, 111

pinus pinus, 76

psaltria, 76
Spizella atrogularis, 79, 107, 111

passerina arizonae, 78, 107, 110

socialis, 78

socialis arizonae, 78
Squatarola helvetica, 49

squatarola, 49, 106, 111
Sterna forsteri, 29, 105, 110

maxima, 29, 105, 110

regia, 29
Stilt, Black-necked, 46
Stripsilas melanocephalus, 50
Strix pratincola, 58
Sturnella magna neglecta, 71

neglecta, 71, 107, 109
Surf-bird, 50
Swallow, Bank, 103

Barn, 87

Northern Violet-green, 88
Swift, Vaux, 62

White-throated, 62
Sylvania pusilla pileolata, 94
Symphemia semipalmata inornata, 47
Synthliboramphus antiquus, 22, 105, 110

Tachycineta thalassina lepida, 88, 107, 111
Tachypetes aquilus, 41
Tanager, Cooper, 87

Western, 87
Tattler, Wandering, 48
Telmatodytes palustris paludicola, 99, 108,

111
Tern, Forster, 29

Royal, 29
Thrush, Alaska Hermit, 101

Dwarf Hermit, 104

Northern Varied, 101

Russet-backed, 101
Thryomanes bewicki catalinae, 97

bewicki charienturus, 97, 108, 110

bewicki leucophrys, 98

bewicki nesophilus, 97

bewickii charienturus, 97

bewickii leucophrys, 98

bewickii nesophilus, 97

bewickii spilurus, 97

leucophrys, 98, 108, 110

nesophilus, 97
Thryothorus bewickii, 97, 98

bewickii bairdi, 97, 98

leucophrys, 98
Totanus flavipes, 102

melanoleucus, 47, 106, 111

solitarius, 47
Towhee, Oregon, 84

San Clemente, 85

San Diego, 85
Tringa minutilla, 46
Trochilus rufus, 63

Troglodytes aedon parkmani, 99, 108, 111
Turdus aonalaschkae, 101

nanus, 104

ustulatus, 101
Turnstone, Black, 50

Ruddy, 50
Tyrannus verticalis, 64, 106, 111

vociferans, 64, 106, 111
Tyto perlata pratincola, 58

U

Uria columba, 24

troille californica, 25, 105, 109
Urinator paci'ficus, 18

V

Verraivora celata celata, 90, 107, 111

celata sordida, 90, 107, 110
Vireo, Hutton, 90

Warbling, 104
Vireo huttoni, 90

huttoni huttoni, 90, 107, 110

huttoni mailliardorum, 90

mailliardorum, 90
Vireosylva gilva swainsoni, 104

W

Warbler, Audubon, 92

Black-throated Gray, 93

Dusky, 90

Hermit, 93

Magnolia, 93

Myrtle, 92

Orange-crowned, 90

Pileolated, 94

Townsend, 93
Waxwing, Cedar, 88
Willet, Western, 47

Wilsonia pusilla pileolata, 94, 108, 111
Woodpecker, Lewis, 60

Nuttall, 103

1917

BIRDS OF THE SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ISLANDS

127

Wren, Canyon, 96

Dotted Canyon, 97

Rock, 95

San Clemente, 98

San Diego, 97

San Nicolas Rock, 96

Tule, 99

Western House, 99

Western Winter, 99

Xema sabini, 28, 105, 111

Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus, 71, 107, 111

Yellow-legs, 102
Greater, 47

Yellowthroat, Pacific, 93

Zamelodia melanocephala, 86, 107, 111

Zenaidura carolinensis, 53
macroura, 53

macroura carolinensis, 53
macroura marginella, 53, 106, 109

Zonotrichia coronata, 78, 107, 110
gambeli, 77

gambeli intermedia, 77
leucophrys gambeli, 77, 107, 110
leucophrys gambelii, 77
leucophrys intermedia, 77
leucophrys nuttalli, 103. 107
querula, 77, 111

COOPER ORNITHOLOGICAL CLUB

PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA
NUMBER 12

BIRDS OF THE ISLANDS OFF THE COAST
OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA

BY

ALFRED BRAZIER HOWELL

HOLLYWOOD, CALIFORNIA

Published by the Club

June 30, 1917

Vol.

Vol.
Vol.
Vol.
Vol.
Vol.
Vol.
Vol.
Vol.
Vol.
Vol.
Vol.
Vol.
Vol.
Vol.
Vol.
Vol.
Vol.
Vol.

No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.

11,

HI,

IV,

V,

VI,

VII,

VIII,

IX,

X,

XI,

XII,

XIII,

XIV,

XV.

XVI,

PRICE LIST OF COOPER CLUB PUBLICATIONS

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XVIII, 1916

XIX, 1917

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Orders for advance volumes will be filled as issued.

10

11

No. 12

1900

1901

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1904

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1912

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1917

PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA

Birds of the Kotzebue Sound Region, Alaska; 80 pp. and map
By J. Grinnei.1.

Land Birds of Santa Cruz County, California; 22 pp.
By R. C. McGregor

Check-I^ist of California Birds; 100 pp. and 2 maps -
By J. Grinnei,!,

Birds of the Huachuca Mountains, Arizona; 75 pp.
By H. S. SwARTH

A Bibliography of California Ornithology; 166 pp. -
By J. Grinneli.

Ten- Year Index to The Condor; 48 pp.
By H. B. Kaeding

Birds of the Pacific Slope of Southern California; 122 pp.

By G. WII.LETT

A Systematic L,ist of the Birds of California; 23 pp. -
By J. Grinneli*

75c

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- 50c
$1.50

- $1.00
$1.50

50c

- $1.50

The Birds of the Fresno District; 114 pp.
By J. G. Tyi,er

Distributional List of the Birds of Arizona; 133 pp. and map $1.50
By H. S. SwARTH

A Distributional List of the Birds of California; 217 pp.

and 3 maps $3.00

By J. Grinnei<i,

Birds of the Southern California Coast Islands;

127 pages and map - $1.50

By A. B. HowELl,

For Sale by W. LEE CHAMBERS, Business Manager
Eagle Rock, Los Angeles Co., California

CO

CO
I

Oi

illllll

AMNH LIBRARY

100110029